Theory of the Earth

Anderson D.

Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Contents……Page 4
Theories of Planetary Formation 1……Page 13
Meteorites 4……Page 16
Planetary Atmospheres 8……Page 20
Composition of the Terrestrial Planets 11……Page 23
References 24……Page 36
3: The Crust and Upper Mantle……Page 39
Evolution of the Earth’s Interior 28……Page 40
Origin of the Mantle and Core 31……Page 43
Mineralogy of the Mantle 34……Page 46
Moon 36……Page 48
References 43……Page 55
The Crust 45……Page 57
The Seismic Lithosphere or LID 47……Page 61
The Low Velocity Zone or LVZ 51……Page 63
Mineralogical Models of 50 400 km Depth 56……Page 68
The Transition Region 57……Page 69
References 61……Page 73
Composition of the Lower Mantle 63……Page 75
Region D” 66……Page 78
The Core 67……Page 79
Mantle Core Equilibration 73……Page 85
The Magnetic Field 74……Page 86
References 76……Page 88
Thermodynamics 79……Page 91
Theoretical Equations of State 82……Page 94
The Grüneisen Relations 83……Page 95
Effect of Temperature on Bulk Moduli 85……Page 97
Thermal Expansion and Anharmonicity 86……Page 98
Isothermal Adiabatic Transformations 89……Page 101
Calculation of Density in the Earth 90……Page 102
Finite Strain Equation of State 91……Page 103
The Equation of State 92……Page 104
Effect of Composition and Phase 95……Page 107
The Repulsive Potential 97……Page 109
Shock Waves 99……Page 111
References 102……Page 114
Elastic Constants of Isotropic Solids 103……Page 115
Temperature and Pressure Derivatives of Elastic Moduli 106……Page 118
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Temperature Effects 107……Page 119
Seismic Constraints on Thermodynamics of the Lower Mantle 110……Page 122
Correcting Elastic Properties for Temperature 120……Page 132
Elastic Properties of Composite Materials 121……Page 133
Liquids 122……Page 134
References 126……Page 138
Thermal Conductivity 129……Page 141
Diffusion and Viscosity 132……Page 144
Dislocations 135……Page 147
Dislocation Creep 136……Page 148
The Lithosphere 138……Page 150
Melting and Origin of Magmas 140……Page 152
Ionic Radii 143……Page 155
References 144……Page 156
Methods of Estimating Mantle Chemistry 147……Page 159
The Upper Mantle 153……Page 165
The Lower Mantle 155……Page 167
Magmas 156……Page 168
Midocean Ridge Basalts (MORB) 157……Page 169
Hotspots 158……Page 170
Ocean-Island Basalts 161……Page 173
Kimberlite 162……Page 174
The Kimberlite-MORB Connection 164……Page 176
The Kimberlite-KREEP Relation 165……Page 177
Alkali Basalt 166……Page 178
Continental Flood Basalts 168……Page 180
Andesite 169……Page 181
Marginal Basins 172……Page 184
Summary 175……Page 187
References 176……Page 188
Background 179……Page 191
Ultramafic Rocks 181……Page 193
Pyrolite 184……Page 196
Eclogites 186……Page 198
Piclogite 188……Page 200
Depths of Mantle Reservoirs 189……Page 201
Rise of Deep Diapirs 192……Page 204
Trace-Element Modeling 194……Page 206
References 196……Page 208
10: Isotopes……Page 209
Lead Isotopes 198……Page 210
Strontium and Neodymium Isotopes 201……Page 213
The Lead Paradox 202……Page 214
Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle 203……Page 215
Oxygen Isotopes 205……Page 217
Rare Gases 206……Page 218
Isotopic Constraints on Magma Genesis 210……Page 222
A Model for Magma Genesis and Evolution in the Mantle 213……Page 225
References 215……Page 227
11: Evolution of the Mantle……Page 229
Models of the Mantle Petrogenesis 218……Page 230
Petrological Evolution of the Mantle 221……Page 233
Chemical Stratification of the Mantle 225……Page 237
Nature of the Enrichment/Depletion Process 228……Page 240
The Role of Magma Mixing 231……Page 243
Melts from the Enriched Reservoirs 233……Page 245
Magma Ocean 235……Page 247
Summary of Constraints on Mantle Evolution 237……Page 249
References 238……Page 250
Topography 239……Page 251
The Geoid 241……Page 253
Heat Flow 247……Page 259
Rotation of the Earth and Polar Wander 249……Page 261
Convection 253……Page 265
References 257……Page 269
Upper-Mantle Heterogeneity from Surface Wave Velocities 259……Page 271
Global Surface-wave Tomography 260……Page 272
Regionalized Inversion Results 263……Page 275
Spherical Harmonic Inversion Results 264……Page 276
Correlation with Heat Flow and Geoid 267……Page 279
Azimuthal Anisotropy 269……Page 281
Lateral Heterogeneity from Body Waves 270……Page 282
Body-wave Tomography of the Lower Mantle 272……Page 284
References 277……Page 286
Seismic Wave Attenuation 279……Page 291
Activated Processes 284……Page 296
Dislocation Damping 287……Page 299
Bulk Attenuation 292……Page 304
Relaxation in Systems Undergoing Phase Transformations 294……Page 306
Physics of Attenuation in Fluids 295……Page 307
Absorption-Band Q Model for the Earth 297……Page 309
References 301……Page 313
Introduction 303……Page 315
Origin of Mantle Anisotropy 305……Page 317
Anisotropy of Crystals 307……Page 319
Theory of Anisotropy 309……Page 321
Transverse Isotropy of the Upper Mantle 315……Page 327
Transverse Isotropy of Layered Media 317……Page 329
The Effect of Oriented Cracks on Seismic Velocities 319……Page 331
Inversion Results for the Upper Mantle 320……Page 332
Global Maps of Transverse Isotropy as a Function of Depth 321……Page 333
Age Dependent Transverse Isotropy 324……Page 336
Azimuthal Anisotropy 326……Page 338
Shear wave Splitting and Slab Anisotropy 330……Page 342
Partial Derivatives 331……Page 343
References 334……Page 346
Spherical Ions and Crystal Structure 337……Page 349
Minerals and Phases of the Mantle 342……Page 354
Phase Equilibria in Mantle Systems 343……Page 355
Calculation of Phase Relations 347……Page 359
Isobaric Phase Changes and Lateral Variations of Physical Properties 348……Page 360
Slabs 349……Page 361
References 353……Page 365
Appendix……Page 369
Index……Page 375