Imaging of the Lower Extremity

Table of contents :
Foreword……Page 1
Preface……Page 2
Technical Considerations: MRI of the Hip……Page 4
Osseous Injury……Page 5
Musculotendinous Injury……Page 8
Bursae……Page 10
Hip Joint Capsule and Labrum……Page 13
Predisposing Conditions for Labral Injury……Page 15
Acute Chondral Injury……Page 20
Monarticular Synovial Proliferation……Page 21
References……Page 22
Clinical Symptoms of FAI……Page 25
Cam Type of FAI……Page 26
Pincer Type of FAI……Page 28
Osseous Abnormalities……Page 30
Fibrocystic Changes (Synovial Herniation Pits)……Page 31
Acetabular Overcoverage, Including Retroversion……Page 32
Labral Morphology……Page 36
Types and Locations of Labral Tears……Page 37
Hints for MR Arthrography……Page 38
DDH and FAI……Page 40
Treatment……Page 43
References……Page 46
Sports-Related Injuries of the Knee: An Approach to MRI Interpretation……Page 48
Technical Considerations……Page 49
Menisci……Page 50
Ligaments……Page 51
Bone……Page 54
Mechanism-Based Pattern Approach to Knee Injuries……Page 56
Summary……Page 64
References……Page 65
Anatomy……Page 69
Imaging……Page 70
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome……Page 71
Jumper’s Knee……Page 72
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendon Rupture……Page 73
Chondromalacia Patellae……Page 74
Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis……Page 75
Prepatellar and Pes Anserine Bursitis……Page 76
Acute Patellar Dislocation……Page 78
Plica Syndromes……Page 79
Postsurgical Changes……Page 80
Malalignment Evaluation-Traditional Indices……Page 81
Lateral Radiographs of the Knee……Page 83
CT and MR……Page 85
Kinematic MR and CT……Page 86
References……Page 87
The Postoperative Meniscus……Page 91
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction……Page 96
Other Ligamentous Reconstructions……Page 102
Postoperative Cartilage Repair……Page 105
References……Page 110
Articular cartilage……Page 114
Bones……Page 115
Lateral ligaments……Page 117
Anterolateral impingement……Page 121
Medial ligaments……Page 122
Spring and bifurcate ligaments……Page 123
Peroneal tendons……Page 125
Flexor tendons……Page 127
Tarsal tunnel syndrome……Page 135
Posterior impingement……Page 136
Extensor tendons……Page 137
Sinus tarsi……Page 139
Anterior impingement……Page 140
Lisfranc ligament……Page 141
Achilles tendon……Page 143
References……Page 144
Imaging Sports Medicine Injuries of the Foot and Toes……Page 150
Fatigue Fractures of the Mid and Forefoot……Page 153
Sesamoiditis……Page 156
Turf Toe……Page 158
Plantar Plate Injury of the Lesser MTP Joints and Metatarsalgia……Page 161
Summary……Page 164
References……Page 166
Pathophysiology……Page 168
Biomechanics of Running……Page 169
Imaging……Page 170
Great Toe and Sesamoids……Page 171
Metatarsal Bones……Page 172
Tarsal Bones……Page 173
Tibia……Page 175
Femur……Page 180
Pelvis……Page 183
Spine……Page 184
References……Page 185
Types of Muscle Injury……Page 190
Imaging Modalities……Page 191
Anatomy……Page 195
Location of Injury and Imaging Prognosis……Page 198
Distribution of Injuries and Ultrasound versus MR……Page 200
Anatomy……Page 201
Intramuscular/Central Tendon Injury……Page 202
Distal Injury……Page 203
Contusions……Page 205
Anatomy……Page 206
Proximal Adductor Injury……Page 207
Groin Pain……Page 209
Osteitis Pubis and Marrow Edema……Page 210
Hip Rotators and Abductors……Page 211
Pelvic Apophyseal Avulsions Injury……Page 212
Avulsions in Adults……Page 213
‘‘Tennis Leg’’……Page 214
Proximal Injury……Page 216
Plantaris……Page 217
Muscle Edema……Page 218
Compartment Syndrome……Page 219
Muscle Herniation……Page 220
Myositis Ossficans……Page 221
References……Page 223
MRI ofnbspOsteochondral Injuries of the Knee and Ankle in the Athlete……Page 230
MRI of Articular Cartilage: Technical Considerations……Page 231
Osteochondral Injury in the Athlete……Page 234
Grade 0: Normal Cartilage……Page 235
Grade I Lesions……Page 236
Grade II/III Lesions: Partial-Thickness Cartilage Injury……Page 238
Grade IV Lesions……Page 239
MRI Findings of Injury to the Cartilage/Bone Interface……Page 240
Bone Marrow ldquoEdemardquo Signal……Page 241
Subchondral Marrow Findings in Osteochondritis Dissecans……Page 242
Knee Patterns……Page 243
Ankle Patterns……Page 246
References……Page 247
Hip Joint Effusion……Page 254
Hip Tendons/Muscles……Page 255
Apophyseal Injuries……Page 257
Snapping Hip Syndrome……Page 259
Meniscal Tears……Page 262
Quadriceps tendon……Page 263
Baker’s (Popliteal) Cyst……Page 264
Effusion, Synovitis, and Cartilage Evaluation……Page 266
Hematoma……Page 267
Achilles Tendon……Page 268
Posterior Tibial Tendon……Page 271
Peroneal Longus and Brevis Tendons……Page 272
Ankle Ligaments……Page 273
Ankle Joint Effusion and Synovitis……Page 274
Plantar Fasciitis……Page 275
Morton’s Neuroma Versus Intermetatarsal Bursitis……Page 277
Plantar Metatarsophalangeal Capsule Injury……Page 278
Summary……Page 279
References……Page 280
Technique……Page 285
Indications……Page 286
Knee……Page 287
Shoulder……Page 290
Elbow……Page 294
Wrist……Page 295
Ankle……Page 296
Summary……Page 298
References……Page 299