Imaging of Upper Extremity

Table of contents :
Imaging of Upper Extremities……Page 1
Imaging of Upper Extremities……Page 2
Technique……Page 4
Normal anatomy……Page 5
Normal MRI appearance……Page 6
Approach to rotator cuff evaluation……Page 7
Rotator cuff tears……Page 8
Pitfalls in rotator cuff imaging……Page 12
Instability……Page 13
Labrum on MRI……Page 16
References……Page 18
Technique……Page 20
Normal Variants……Page 21
Osteochondral Lesions of the Capitellum……Page 23
Nondisplaced Fractures……Page 25
Osteophytes……Page 26
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears……Page 27
Lateral Epicondylitis……Page 30
Medial Epicondylitis……Page 33
Triceps Tendon Injury……Page 34
Nerve abnormalities……Page 35
References……Page 38
Flexor tendons……Page 42
Extensor tendons……Page 43
Extrinsic ligaments……Page 44
Intrinsic ligaments……Page 45
The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex……Page 46
Median nerve……Page 47
Ulnar nerve……Page 48
The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex……Page 49
Nerves……Page 50
Flexor tendons……Page 51
Extensor tendons……Page 52
Scapholunate instability……Page 55
Triangular fibrocartilage complex……Page 57
Carpal tunnel syndrome……Page 59
Ulnar tunnel syndrome……Page 61
References……Page 62
Phases of the throw……Page 66
Mechanism of injury and imaging findings-the late cocking phase……Page 67
Mechanism of injury and imaging findings-the deceleration phase……Page 72
Other imaging findings……Page 73
References……Page 74
Imaging Technique……Page 77
MR Arthrography……Page 78
Overview……Page 79
Surgical Considerations……Page 82
MRI Findings……Page 85
Surgical Considerations……Page 87
Surgical Considerations……Page 88
MR Findings……Page 91
References……Page 94
Entrapment Neuropathies of the Shoulder and Elbow in the Athlete……Page 97
Pathophysiology of Nerve Disorders……Page 98
Normal Anatomy……Page 99
Pathology: Suprascapular Nerve Syndrome……Page 100
Normal Anatomy……Page 101
Quadrilateral space syndrome……Page 102
Parsonage-Turner Syndrome……Page 103
Normal Anatomy……Page 105
MRI Anatomy……Page 106
Pathology……Page 107
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome……Page 108
Normal Anatomy……Page 110
Pathology: Pronator Syndrome……Page 111
Normal Anatomy……Page 113
Pathology……Page 114
Radial tunnel syndrome……Page 115
Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome……Page 116
References……Page 117
Weight bearing……Page 120
Throwing Injuries……Page 121
MRI……Page 122
Clavicle, Scapula, and First Rib……Page 123
First rib……Page 124
Shaft fractures……Page 126
Medial epicondyle……Page 127
Proximal tip……Page 128
Torsional……Page 129
Epiphysiolysis……Page 130
Scaphoid……Page 131
Other carpal bones……Page 132
References……Page 133
Imaging Modalities……Page 136
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex……Page 137
Lunotriquetral Ligament……Page 140
Distal Radioulnar Joint……Page 143
Pisotriquetral Joint……Page 146
Ulnolunate Impaction Syndrome……Page 147
Ulnar Styloid Impaction……Page 150
Hamatolunate Impaction……Page 152
Ulnar Impingement Syndrome……Page 153
References……Page 154
Imaging techniques……Page 158
Phalangeal fractures……Page 159
Mallet finger……Page 161
Jersey finger……Page 162
Flexor tendon tears……Page 163
Boutonniere deformity……Page 164
Flexor tendon pulley system injury……Page 166
Metacarpal fracture……Page 167
Bennett fracture……Page 169
Rolando fracture……Page 170
Gamekeeper’s thumb……Page 171
References……Page 173
Fractures……Page 174
Acute Injuries……Page 175
Glenohumeral dislocation……Page 176
Chronic Repetitive Injuries……Page 178
Little League shoulder……Page 179
Rotator cuff/impingement/microinstability……Page 181
Imaging of the rotator cuff……Page 182
Acute Injuries……Page 183
Little League elbow……Page 184
Acute Injuries……Page 191
Gymnast wrist……Page 192
References……Page 195
Advantages and Disadvantages of MRI……Page 200
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasound……Page 201
General Imaging Appearance……Page 202
Rotator Cuff Tendon……Page 203
Long Head of the Biceps Tendon……Page 207
Glenohumeral Joint……Page 208
Subacromial-Subdeltoid Bursa……Page 209
Ulnar Collateral Ligament……Page 210
Distal Biceps and Triceps Tendon……Page 212
Elbow-Common Extensor Tendon……Page 213
Ligaments of the Wrist and Hand……Page 214
Tendons of the Wrist and Hand……Page 215
References……Page 217
Low Field MRI: A Review of the Literature and Our Experience in Upper Extremity Imaging……Page 222
References……Page 236