Stress Fractures

Table of contents :
xiii……Page 1
xv……Page 2
Bone Basic Science……Page 4
Stress Injury……Page 6
Footwear……Page 8
Gender……Page 9
Bone Mineral Density……Page 10
Delayed Menarche……Page 11
Contraception……Page 12
The Female Athlete Triad……Page 13
References……Page 15
Classification and Return-to-Play Considerations for Stress Fractures……Page 20
Pathophysiology……Page 21
Diagnosis……Page 22
Management of and return-to-play strategies for low-risk fractures……Page 23
Management of and return-to-play strategies for high-risk fractures……Page 25
References……Page 29
Treatment of Stress Fractures: The’Fundamentals……Page 32
Training Regimen……Page 33
Nutritional Habits……Page 34
Hormonal Factors……Page 35
Electrical and Electromagnetic Fields……Page 36
References……Page 37
Injury Exposure……Page 40
Assessing Injury Incidence and Risk……Page 41
Method of Diagnosis……Page 42
Results……Page 45
Gender……Page 47
Stress Fracture Characteristics……Page 48
Morbidity and Outcomes……Page 52
References……Page 54
Conventional radiographs……Page 56
Ultrasonography……Page 60
MRI……Page 61
References……Page 64
Bisphosphonates……Page 66
Parathyroid hormone……Page 68
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs……Page 69
References……Page 73
Stress Fractures in the Spine and Sacrum……Page 77
Biomechanics……Page 78
Cause……Page 79
Epidemiology……Page 80
Diagnostic Imaging……Page 81
Treatment……Page 82
Pedicle fractures……Page 83
Diagnostic Imaging……Page 84
Patient Population……Page 85
Diagnostic Imaging……Page 86
References……Page 87
Stress Fractures of the Femur in Athletes……Page 91
Pathoanatomy……Page 92
Classification……Page 94
Causes……Page 97
Physical Examination……Page 98
Imaging Studies……Page 99
Differential Diagnosis……Page 100
Nonoperative Care……Page 101
Return to Play……Page 102
References……Page 103
Proximal tibia……Page 106
Patella……Page 108
Tibial tubercle……Page 111
Distal femur……Page 113
References……Page 114
Pathophysiology……Page 117
Imaging……Page 118
Treatment……Page 120
Case 1……Page 124
Case 2……Page 126
References……Page 127
Anatomy and biomechanics……Page 129
Risk factors……Page 132
Diagnostic imaging……Page 133
Treatment……Page 135
References……Page 136
Evaluation and diagnosis……Page 138
Anatomy……Page 139
Treatment……Page 140
Anatomy……Page 141
Treatment……Page 144
Summary……Page 147
References……Page 148
Anatomy and biomechanics……Page 150
Clinical evaluation……Page 151
Imaging……Page 152
Treatment……Page 153
References……Page 156
Upper Extremity Stress Fractures……Page 158
Ribs……Page 159
Scapula……Page 161
Clavicle……Page 162
Humerus……Page 163
Olecranon……Page 164
Ulna……Page 166
Radius……Page 167
Metacarpals……Page 168
References……Page 169