Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion

J.F.A. Sawyer, J.M.Y. Simpson9780080431673, 0080431674

The Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion provides the specialist and the general reader with accurate, up-to-date information on every aspect of the crucial interface between language and religion. Easy access to material in over 320 articles by scholars in many fields is provided both in a clear thematic arrangement, and by means of a comprehensive and detailed general index. Discussion of many topics including the creation of special sacred scripts, religious calligraphy, and the use of religious symbols in meditation, magic and elsewhere, is enriched and elucidated by illustrations, diagrams and tables. The Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion brings together articles and bibliographic entries drawn from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, all of which have been revised and updated appropriately. These articles are supplemented by a large number of completely new contributions, one of which is an extensive 12,500 word article on ‘Basic Concepts and Terms in Linguistics’, making this volume accessible to a wide audience.

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Table of contents :
Publisher; ISBN……Page 5
Contents……Page 8
Editor’s Preface……Page 32
General Introduction……Page 34
Introduction……Page 36
African Traditional Religions……Page 37
Ancient Near Eastern Religions……Page 39
Australian Aboriginal Religions……Page 42
Baha’ism……Page 44
British Israelites……Page 45
Buddhism, Chinese……Page 46
Buddhism, Indian……Page 48
Buddhism, Japanese……Page 49
Buddhism in Southeast Asia……Page 50
Buddhism, Tibetan……Page 51
Buddhism in the West……Page 52
Candomble……Page 53
Cargo Cults……Page 54
Caribbean Syncretistic Religions 1: Cuban Santeria and Haitian Voodoo……Page 55
Caribbean Syncretistic Religions 2: Jamaican Cumina and Trinidadian Shango……Page 56
Cao Dai……Page 57
Celtic Religion……Page 58
Christianity in Africa……Page 60
Christianity in East Asia……Page 63
Christianity in Europe……Page 66
Christianity in Iran and Central Asia……Page 68
Christianity in the Near East……Page 70
Christianity in South Asia……Page 72
Christianity in Southeast Asia……Page 74
Confucianism……Page 75
Ecstatic Religion……Page 79
Etruscan Religion……Page 81
Gnosticism……Page 82
Greek Religion……Page 83
Hare Krishna Movement……Page 84
Hinduism……Page 85
Islam in Africa……Page 88
Islam in Central Asia……Page 90
Islam in East Asia……Page 92
Islam in the Near East……Page 93
Islam in South Asia……Page 95
Islam in Southeast Asia……Page 98
Jainism……Page 99
Jehovah’s Witnesses……Page 100
Judaism……Page 101
Kwanzaa……Page 105
Macumba……Page 106
Manichaeism……Page 107
Melanesian Religions……Page 108
Native American Religions, North……Page 110
Native American Religions, South……Page 111
New Religious Movements……Page 114
Quakerism……Page 116
Rastafarianism……Page 118
Roman Religion……Page 119
Scientology……Page 120
Seventh-day Adventist Church……Page 121
Shinto……Page 122
Sikhism……Page 124
Spiritualism……Page 125
Taoism……Page 126
Zoroastrianism……Page 128
Introduction……Page 132
Apocrypha, Christian……Page 133
Bible……Page 134
Bible Translations, Ancient Versions……Page 137
Bible Translations, Modern Period……Page 139
Buddhist Canons: Translations……Page 148
Chinese: Translation of Theological Terms……Page 151
English Bible……Page 155
Granth……Page 158
Hindu Sacred Texts……Page 159
Mormon, Book of……Page 160
Nag Hammadi Texts……Page 161
Panjabi (Gurmukhi) Sacred Texts……Page 162
Peshitta……Page 163
Qur’a n……Page 164
Qur’an: Translations……Page 166
Rosetta Stone……Page 167
Septuagint……Page 169
Talmud……Page 170
Translation: History……Page 171
Vulgate……Page 183
Introduction……Page 186
Alphabet: Development……Page 187
Ancient Egyptian and Coptic……Page 194
Arabic……Page 195
Arabic and Spanish: Linguistic Contacts……Page 199
Arabic Script: Adaptation for Other Languages……Page 201
Aramaic, Jewish……Page 202
Armenian……Page 204
Avestan……Page 205
Byzantine Greek……Page 206
Chinese……Page 207
Church Latin……Page 212
Church Slavonic……Page 213
Devanagari……Page 214
Egyptian Hieroglyphs……Page 216
Garshuni……Page 219
Ge’ez……Page 220
Georgian……Page 221
Gothic……Page 222
Gurmukhi……Page 223
Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish……Page 224
Korean……Page 227
Ogam……Page 229
Old Church Slavonic……Page 230
Pahlavi……Page 231
Palaeography……Page 232
ipffc ftrer uerricer auwaaf prxt cprcum* dupnarem mciefir fidmnbuf A3) luJiCAnJum pjttun ktbere-‘ Ifmim fefrtr interrdum«……Page 235
Pali……Page 239
Panjabi……Page 240
Pashto……Page 241
Persian……Page 242
Phoenician/Punic……Page 243
Runes……Page 244
Samaritan……Page 247
Sanskrit……Page 248
Semitic Languages……Page 251
Semitic Scripts……Page 253
Syriac, Christian……Page 259
Tamil……Page 261
Tibetan……Page 264
Ugaritic……Page 266
Yiddish……Page 267
Introduction……Page 270
American Spirituals……Page 271
Archaism……Page 272
Blasphemy……Page 273
Blessings……Page 274
Channeling……Page 275
Copying……Page 276
Dharani (root dhr, ‘to hold’)……Page 277
Euphemism……Page 278
Evangelism……Page 279
Feminism……Page 281
Glossolalia……Page 282
Hwyl……Page 283
Hymns……Page 284
Islamic Calligraphy……Page 285
Language and Power……Page 287
Mantra……Page 295
Meditation……Page 297
Metaphor……Page 299
Metrical Psalms and Paraphrases……Page 306
Mysticism……Page 307
Myth……Page 308
Oracle……Page 309
Performative Utterances……Page 310
Preaching……Page 311
Religious Symbols……Page 313
Silence……Page 314
Sutra……Page 316
Introduction……Page 318
Alphabet: Religious Beliefs……Page 319
Babel……Page 320
Buddhism and Language……Page 321
Christian Views on Language……Page 324
Fundamentalism……Page 326
Gematria……Page 327
Hindu Views on Language……Page 328
Myths About Language……Page 331
Names: Religious Beliefs……Page 335
Naming……Page 337
Postmodernism……Page 341
Ritual……Page 343
Romanticism……Page 346
Taboo, Religious……Page 347
Taboo Words……Page 348
Word of God……Page 352
Introduction……Page 354
Arab and Persian Phonetics……Page 355
Arabic Linguistic Tradition……Page 359
Aristotle and the Stoics on Language……Page 369
Chinese Linguistic Tradition……Page 375
Computers and Religious Studies……Page 379
Hebrew Grammarians……Page 381
Japanese Linguistic Thought……Page 388
Jesuit Missionaries to Sixteenth Century Japan……Page 393
Linguistic Theory in the Later Middle Ages……Page 394
Missionaries……Page 401
Philology and History……Page 404
Plato and His Predecessors……Page 409
Sanskrit, Discovery by Europeans……Page 413
Sanskrit (Paninian) Linguistics……Page 417
Summer Institute of Linguistics……Page 424
Tamil Linguistic Tradition……Page 430
Aelfric (fl. 987-1010)……Page 432
Albright, William Foxwell (1891-1971)……Page 433
Andrew of St. Victor……Page 434
Aquinas, Thomas (1224/5-74)……Page 435
Arnauld, Antoine (1612-94)……Page 436
Ascham, Roger (1515-68)……Page 437
Barthes, Roland (1915-80)……Page 438
Bataille, Georges (1897-1962)……Page 439
Batchelor, John (1853-1944)……Page 440
Benjamin, Walter (1892-1940)……Page 441
Bergstrasser, Gotthelf (1886-1933)……Page 442
Bhartrhari (c. 500 CE)……Page 443
Black, Matthew (1908-94)……Page 444
Caldwell, Robert (1814-91)……Page 445
Carey, William (1761-1834)……Page 446
Ceruffl, Enrico (1898-1988)……Page 447
Coverdale, Miles (1487-1569)……Page 448
Crowther, Samuel Ajayi (1806/08-91)……Page 449
Cyril and Methodios……Page 450
Daly, Mary (1930s)……Page 451
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)……Page 452
Davidson, Andrew Bruce (1831-1902)……Page 453
Derrida, Jacques (1930-)……Page 454
Dobrovsky, Josef (1753-1829)……Page 455
Driver, Godfrey Rolles (1892-1975)……Page 456
Falc’hun, Francois (1909-91)……Page 457
Foucault, Michel (1926-84)……Page 458
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900)……Page 459
Gesenius, Wilhelm (1785-1842)……Page 460
Gordon, Cyrus Herzl (1908-2001)……Page 461
Gundert, Hermann (1814^-93)……Page 462
Guthrie, Malcolm (1903-72)……Page 463
Hayyuj, Judah (ca. 940-1010)……Page 464
Heidegger, Martin (1899-1976)……Page 465
Holder, William (1616-98)……Page 466
Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767-1835)……Page 467
Hus, Jan (c. 1372-1415)……Page 469
Ibn Janah (ca. 990-1050)……Page 470
Ibn Mada’ al-Qurtubl (1120-96)……Page 471
Irigaray, Luce (1930s)……Page 472
Jerome (c. 346-420)……Page 473
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)……Page 474
Kilwardby, Robert (ca. 1215-79)……Page 475
Kimhi, David (1160-1235?)……Page 476
Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm (1823-1902)……Page 477
Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1810-81)……Page 478
Kristeva, Julia (1941)……Page 479
Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus (1907)……Page 480
Lacan, Jacques (1901-81)……Page 481
Lancelot, Claude (1615/16-95)……Page 482
Lepsius, Carl Richard (1810-84)……Page 483
Levinas, Emmanuel (1906-95)……Page 484
Levi-Strauss, Claude (1908)……Page 485
Levita, Elijah (1469-1549)……Page 486
Lowth, Robert (1710-87)……Page 487
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)……Page 488
Malinowski, Bronislaw Kaspar (1884-1942)……Page 489
Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1935-91)……Page 490
Meinhof, Carl Friedrich Michael (1857-1944)……Page 491
Mesrob (c. 361^c. 439)……Page 492
Muller, Friedrich Max (1823-1900)……Page 493
Nida, Eugene Albert (1914)……Page 494
Nobili, Roberto de (1579-1656)……Page 495
Noldeke, Theodor (1836-1930)……Page 496
Oldendorp, Christian Georg Andreas (1721-87)……Page 497
Panini……Page 498
Pike, Kenneth Lee (1912-2000)……Page 500
Planudes, Maximus (1260-1310)……Page 501
Polotsky, Hans (Hayyim) Jacob (1905-91)……Page 502
Postel, Guillaume (1510-81)……Page 503
Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804)……Page 504
Rajarajavarma, A. R. (1863-1918)……Page 505
Reinisch, Simon Leo (1832-1919)……Page 506
Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522)……Page 507
Ricci, Matteo (1552-1610)……Page 508
Ross, John (1842-1915)……Page 509
Saadya Gaon (882-942)……Page 510
Saussure, Ferdinand(-Mongin) de (1857-1913)……Page 511
Scaliger, Joseph Justus (1540-1609)……Page 513
Schlegel, (Carl Wilhelm) Friedrich von (1772-1829)……Page 514
Sen, Sukumar (1900-92)……Page 516
Sibawayhi (Eighth Century CE)……Page 517
Silvestre de Sacy, Baron Antoine-Isaac (1758-1838)……Page 518
Trithemius, Johannes (1462-1516)……Page 519
Ullendorff, Edward (1920)……Page 520
Weinreich, Uriel (1926-67)……Page 522
Welmers, William E. (1916-88)……Page 523
Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1875-1956)……Page 524
Whitney, William Dwight (1827-94)……Page 525
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1897-1941)……Page 526
Wilkins, John (1614^72)……Page 527
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951)……Page 528
Wulfila (Ulfilas) (3117-382?)……Page 532
Young, Thomas (1773-1829)……Page 533
Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaus (1682-1719)……Page 534
Section VIII. Glossary……Page 536
Section IX. Transcriptional Conventions and the IPA Alphabet……Page 552
Name Index……Page 556
Subject Index……Page 580
List of Contributors……Page 604