PC Based Instrumentation and Control

Mike Tooley BA; Advanced Technological and Higher National Certificates Kingston University9780750647168, 0-7506-4716-7

PC Based Instrumentation and Control is a guide to implementing computer control, instrumentation and data acquisition using a standard PC and some of the most popular computer languages. Numerous examples of configurations and working circuits, as well as representative software, make this a practical, hands-on guide to implementing PC-based testing and calibration systems and increasing efficiency without compromising quality or reliability. Guidance is given on modifying the circuits and software routines to meet the reader’s specific needs. The third edition includes updated coverage of PC hardware and bus systems, a new chapter on virtual instruments and an introduction to programming and software development in a modern 32-bit environment. Additional examples have been included, with source code and executables available for download from the companion website www.key2control.com. ?· Save money and increase efficiency with an instrumentation and control strategy using a standard PC ?· Ideal for educational courses in control engineering and instrumentation – create simple but realistic PC-based simulations ?· A companion website provides downloadable executables, source code, links to manufacturers and suppliers, and additional reference material

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
PC Based Instrumentation and Control……Page 4
Contents……Page 6
Preface……Page 14
Readership……Page 15
Companion website……Page 17
1 The PC……Page 18
Microcomputer systems……Page 20
Data representation……Page 22
Bus expansion……Page 23
Microprocessor operation……Page 24
Data transfer and control……Page 25
Parallel versus serial I/O……Page 26
The x86 processor family……Page 27
Addressing……Page 30
80286, 80386, and 80486 processors……Page 31
Interrupt handling……Page 33
The Pentium family of processors……Page 34
PC architecture……Page 36
Maths coprocessors……Page 41
8253 Programmable Interval Timer……Page 44
8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller……Page 46
8284A Clock generator……Page 47
8288 Bus Controller……Page 48
Chipsets……Page 49
PC memory……Page 51
Memory operation……Page 52
Memory organization……Page 53
Data integrity……Page 54
Dual-inline memory module (DIMM)……Page 56
Fast-page mode (FPM) RAM……Page 57
Single inline memory module (SIMM)……Page 58
Memory size……Page 59
Memory speed……Page 60
CMOS memory……Page 61
BIOS ROM……Page 62
BIOS data area……Page 63
Disk drives……Page 70
Development of PC expansion bus architectures……Page 74
PC ISA/EISA expansion bus……Page 76
PC expansion cards……Page 77
The 62-way ISA (PC expansion bus) connector……Page 81
The 36-way EISA (PC-AT expansion bus) connector……Page 84
Electrical characteristics……Page 86
Power rails……Page 88
Supply rail distribution……Page 89
Address decoding……Page 90
The PC/104 bus……Page 92
Peripheral Component Interconnect/Interface (PCI) bus……Page 94
The Universal Serial bus……Page 98
USB applications and principal features……Page 99
USB implementation……Page 101
Connection and disconnection of USB devices……Page 102
USB bus topology and physical connections……Page 103
USB data transfers……Page 105
Hubs……Page 106
USB data flow model……Page 107
Electrical interface……Page 109
USB connectors……Page 111
Measurement Computing Corporation PDISO-8……Page 112
Blue chip technology AIP-24……Page 115
Measurement Computing Corporation Dual-422……Page 116
Arcom APCI-ADADIO multifunction I/O card……Page 118
The PMD-1208LS USB device……Page 121
The need for an operating system……Page 124
Origins of DOS……Page 125
I/O channels……Page 127
DOS commands……Page 128
File specifications……Page 129
Wildcard characters……Page 130
Internal DOS commands……Page 131
External DOS commands……Page 137
Batch file commands……Page 145
Creating batch files……Page 146
Passing parameters……Page 147
Using CONFIG.SYS……Page 148
Using configuration files and device drivers……Page 151
Using AUTOEXEC.BAT……Page 152
Using DEBUG……Page 153
Debug commands……Page 154
A Debug walkthrough……Page 159
Using Debug’s line assembler……Page 163
Warm reboot……Page 165
Cold reboot……Page 166
Choice of language……Page 168
Software development……Page 171
Control structures……Page 174
Loops……Page 177
Event-driven programs……Page 178
Headers……Page 179
Names……Page 181
Presentation……Page 182
Advantages of assembly language……Page 184
Developing assembly language programs……Page 185
Editors……Page 186
Macro assemblers……Page 188
Cross-reference utilities……Page 190
Symbolic debuggers……Page 191
A MASM walkthrough……Page 192
8086 instruction set summary……Page 193
8086 register model……Page 195
CX (CH and CL) register……Page 196
Flag Register (F)……Page 197
Interrupt handling……Page 198
MASM32……Page 200
A MASM32 walkthrough……Page 203
Microsoft BASIC for DOS……Page 206
Variable names……Page 208
BASIC command summary……Page 209
Subroutines……Page 213
Procedures……Page 214
User-defined functions……Page 215
Logical constructs……Page 216
Prompts and messages……Page 217
Single key inputs……Page 218
Numerical inputs……Page 223
String inputs……Page 224
PowerBASIC for DOS……Page 225
Accessing assembly language from within BASIC programs……Page 226
Accessing the I/O ports in DOS or Windows 9x environments……Page 228
Microsoft Visual Basic……Page 230
PowerBASIC for Windows……Page 231
Accessing the I/O ports from the Windows Protected Mode environment……Page 232
Inpout32.dll……Page 233
Data files……Page 237
7 C and C++ programming……Page 240
C programming techniques……Page 242
Streams……Page 243
Using C functions……Page 247
Messages……Page 249
Loops……Page 250
Inputs and prompts……Page 253
Menu selection……Page 255
Passing arguments into main……Page 257
Disk files……Page 260
Difference between C and C++……Page 261
Port I/O in C and C++……Page 263
8 The IEEE-488 bus……Page 266
Controllers……Page 267
IEEE-488 bus signals……Page 268
Handshaking……Page 269
Multi-line commands……Page 270
Bus configurations……Page 272
IEEE-488 controllers……Page 273
IEEE-488 software……Page 274
Troubleshooting the IEEE-488 bus……Page 277
Characteristics of digital I/O ports……Page 278
Characteristics of analogue I/O ports……Page 279
Sensors……Page 280
Interfacing switches and sensors……Page 285
Switches……Page 287
Switch debouncing……Page 288
Hardware debouncing……Page 289
Software debouncing……Page 291
Keypads……Page 292
Inductive proximity detectors……Page 294
Capacitive proximity detectors……Page 296
Position transducers……Page 297
Fluid sensors……Page 298
Optically isolated inputs……Page 299
Sensors with analogue outputs……Page 302
Thermocouples……Page 303
Threshold detection with analogue output transducers……Page 304
AC sensing……Page 305
Status and warning indications……Page 306
Driving LCD displays……Page 307
Driving medium- and high-current loads……Page 308
Audible outputs……Page 309
Output drivers……Page 310
Driving mains connected loads……Page 313
Driving solenoids and solenoid-operated valves……Page 315
Driving stepper motors……Page 316
Ease of use……Page 318
Flexibility……Page 319
Software classification……Page 320
Custom-written software……Page 321
Programming language extensions……Page 322
DASYLab……Page 324
DADiSP……Page 330
Using DADiSP’s Series Programming Language……Page 334
MATLAB……Page 335
Dedicated applications……Page 337
Norton SystemWorks……Page 338
Operating system utilities……Page 340
Windows System Tools……Page 341
Instrument types……Page 342
Instrument connection options……Page 343
Digital storage oscilloscopes……Page 344
Sampling rate and bandwidth……Page 346
Low-cost DSO……Page 347
High-speed DSO……Page 348
Choosing a computer-based DSO……Page 349
Basic operation of a DSO……Page 350
Parameter measurement……Page 353
Spectrum analysis……Page 356
Sound card oscilloscopes……Page 361
Windows Oscilloscope 2.51……Page 362
Software Oscilloscope……Page 364
Waveform display……Page 365
Parameter measurement……Page 367
Spectrum analysis……Page 369
Expansion cards……Page 372
PC instruments……Page 373
Backplane bus-based systems……Page 375
Networked/distributed PC systems……Page 376
Specifying hardware and software……Page 377
Software design……Page 378
Specification……Page 379
Hardware……Page 380
Software……Page 381
Specification……Page 384
Software……Page 385
Hardware……Page 386
Software……Page 391
Specification……Page 394
Software……Page 395
Load sequencer……Page 397
Hardware……Page 398
Environmental monitoring……Page 403
Software……Page 404
Icing flow tunnel……Page 406
Specification……Page 407
Hardware……Page 408
Reliability and fault-tolerance……Page 410
Software techniques……Page 411
System BIOS……Page 412
BIOS upgrading……Page 415
Invalid page faults……Page 418
General protection faults……Page 419
Fatal exceptions……Page 421
Protection errors……Page 424
Kernel errors……Page 425
Using Dr. Watson……Page 427
System information……Page 435
Benchmarking……Page 437
Memory Benchmark……Page 438
Network Benchmark……Page 439
Fault-finding and troubleshooting techniques……Page 441
Multi-range meters……Page 443
Logic probes……Page 445
Logic pulsers……Page 446
Oscilloscopes……Page 449
Fault location procedure……Page 450
Appendix A Glossary of terms……Page 462
Selected derived units……Page 475
Appendix C Multiples and sub-multiples……Page 476
Appendix D Decimal, hexadecimal, binary and, ASCII table……Page 477
Appendix E Powers of 2……Page 483
Appendix F Processor sockets……Page 484
Appendix G Processor data……Page 485
Appendix H Common file extensions……Page 487
Award BIOS……Page 489
Phoenix BIOS……Page 490
Expansion systems, embedded controllers, DAQ, and industrial control systems……Page 491
Motherboards, memories, processors, drives, and accessories……Page 493
Memory devices……Page 494
Software……Page 495
Appendix K Useful websites……Page 497
Programming……Page 498
Appendix M Reference material available from the Web……Page 499
A……Page 502
B……Page 503
C……Page 504
D……Page 505
F……Page 506
I……Page 507
M……Page 508
P……Page 509
S……Page 511
U……Page 512
Z……Page 513