Ian Sinclair9780750636360, 0-7506-3636-X
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 3
Contents……Page 7
Preface……Page 11
1 Sound Waves……Page 12
Decibels……Page 13
Sound in Rooms……Page 14
Studio and Listening Room Acoustics……Page 15
The middle ear, and eardrum……Page 16
Perception of Intensity and Frequency……Page 17
The ear – discrimination……Page 18
The Haas Effect……Page 19
Non-linearity……Page 20
Phase distortion……Page 22
Architectural acoustics……Page 23
2 Microphones……Page 25
Frequency response off-axis……Page 26
Pressure operation……Page 27
Combination microphones……Page 28
The moving-coil (dynamic) microphone……Page 29
The condenser (capacitor or electrostatic) micro-phone……Page 30
The electret microphone……Page 31
Other types of microphone……Page 32
The stereo illusion……Page 35
Basic Blumlein……Page 36
Near-coincident microphones……Page 37
Surround Sound……Page 38
3 Studio and Control Room Acoustics……Page 39
External airborne noise……Page 40
Sound insulation……Page 41
Studio and Control Room Acoustics……Page 44
Absorber performance……Page 48
Reverberation and reflection……Page 49
4 Principles of Digital Audio……Page 52
Elementary Logical Processes……Page 54
The Significance of Bits and Bobs……Page 55
Transmitting Digital Signals……Page 57
The Analogue Audio Waveform……Page 58
Digital Filtering……Page 65
Sampling and Quantising……Page 69
Other forms of ADC and DAC……Page 73
Transform and Masking Coders Bibliography……Page 76
5 Compact Disc Technology……Page 78
The Compact Disc . . . What Information It Contains……Page 79
Aliasing Noise……Page 80
How are the Errors Corrected?……Page 82
Interleaving……Page 83
Control Word……Page 84
Compact Disc Construction……Page 85
Pit Lengths……Page 88
Sync. Word……Page 89
Diffraction grating……Page 91
Cylindrical lens……Page 92
Summation amplifier……Page 93
Mirror amplifier……Page 94
Carriage servo……Page 95
Spindle servo……Page 96
The Decoder……Page 97
Digital Filtering and Digital to Analogue Conversion……Page 98
Digital filtering……Page 100
Digital to analogue conversion……Page 101
Multi-stage noise shaping……Page 102
6 Digital Audio Recording……Page 104
Optical discs……Page 106
Recording Media Compared……Page 107
The programmable delay……Page 108
Time compression……Page 109
Synchronisation……Page 110
Error correction and concealment……Page 111
Channel coding……Page 113
Hard Disc Recorders……Page 115
The PCM Adaptor……Page 116
An Open Reel Digital Recorder……Page 117
Rotary Head Digital Recorders……Page 118
Editing Digital Audio Tape……Page 121
7 Tape Recording……Page 123
The Recording Process……Page 124
Sources of Non-Uniformity in Frequency Response……Page 125
Record/Replay Equalisation……Page 127
Record/replay heads……Page 128
The erase head……Page 130
HF bias frequency……Page 131
Maximum output level (MOL)……Page 132
Bias level setting……Page 133
Transient Performance……Page 134
Tape Noise……Page 135
The replay amplifier……Page 136
Replay Equalisation……Page 138
The Bias Oscillator……Page 140
The Record Amplifier……Page 141
Professional Tape Recording Equipment……Page 142
Multi-Track Machines……Page 144
Digital Recording Systems……Page 145
Domestic equipment……Page 147
8 Noise Reduction Systems……Page 150
Dynamic noise limiters or filters……Page 151
Noise gates……Page 152
Complementary Systems……Page 153
Companding Systems……Page 154
Bi-linear companders……Page 155
Attack and decay times……Page 156
The Dolby A System……Page 158
Telcom C4……Page 159
Dolby B……Page 160
Dolby C……Page 161
Dolby SR……Page 163
Dolby S……Page 166
9 The Vinyl Disc……Page 168
Cutting the acetate……Page 169
Vertical cutting angle……Page 170
In pursuit of quality……Page 171
Time delay……Page 172
Modern materials……Page 173
Drive systems……Page 174
The cartridge/arm combination……Page 176
Styli……Page 177
Resonance……Page 179
Maintaining old recordings……Page 180
10 Valve Amplifiers……Page 182
Thermionic emission……Page 183
Comparison of different valve types……Page 184
The three fundamental circuits……Page 185
A line-level pre-amplifier with gain……Page 187
The Earmax headphone amplifier……Page 188
The Croft Series III……Page 189
Low frequencies Ò in the bass……Page 0
The Beast……Page 191
Other circuits and sources of information……Page 196
11 Tuners and Radio Receivers……Page 197
Critical frequency……Page 198
Why VHF Transmissions?……Page 199
Modulation systems……Page 200
Stereo Encoding and Decoding……Page 201
Distribution System……Page 203
Alternative Transmission Methods SSB……Page 206
Radio Receiver Design……Page 207
Tuned circuit characteristics……Page 208
The surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter……Page 209
The superhet system……Page 210
The Barlow-Wadley Loop……Page 213
Frequency Synthesizer Techniques……Page 214
Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)……Page 215
The Round-Travis Detector……Page 218
The Phase Coincidence Demodulator (PCD)……Page 219
The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Demodulator……Page 220
Pulse Counting Systems……Page 221
The Diode ‘Envelope’ Demodulator……Page 222
Anode-Bend or Infinite Impedance Demodulator……Page 223
New Developments……Page 224
S/N ratio……Page 225
12 Pre-amps and Inputs……Page 226
Moving magnet and variable reluctance cartridges……Page 227
Input Circuitry……Page 228
Systems using paralleled input transistors……Page 230
Small power transistors as input devices……Page 232
Other approaches……Page 233
Transistor switching……Page 234
Diode switching……Page 235
13 Voltage Amplifiers and Controls……Page 237
Mosfets……Page 239
Breakdown……Page 240
Signal characteristics……Page 241
Voltage Amplifier Design Techniques……Page 242
IC solutions……Page 244
Performance Standards Use of ICs……Page 246
Modern standards……Page 247
Harmonic and intermodulation distortions……Page 248
Transient defects……Page 249
General Design Considerations……Page 250
Gain controls……Page 251
Standard Tone Control Systems……Page 252
Slope Controls……Page 256
The Graphic Equaliser System……Page 257
Channel separation controls……Page 259
14 Power Output Stages……Page 263
Listener Fatigue and Crossover Distortion……Page 264
Crossover problems……Page 265
Power Mosfet Output Devices……Page 266
Output Transistor Protection……Page 269
Power Output and Power Dissipation……Page 270
Design requirements……Page 271
General Power Amplifier Design Considerations Bode Plot……Page 272
Slew limiting……Page 273
Advanced Amplifier Designs……Page 274
Power supply systems……Page 275
LS protection circuitry……Page 276
Output stage emitter follower configurations……Page 277
Power amplifier voltage gain stages……Page 278
The Blomley non-switching output circuit……Page 280
The Quad current dumping amplifier design…….Page 281
‘Class S’ amplifier systems……Page 282
Contemporary Amplifier Design Practice……Page 283
Measurement systems……Page 285
15 Loudspeakers……Page 287
Sound Pressure Produced at Distance r……Page 288
Electrical Analogue……Page 290
Diaphragm Size……Page 291
Diaphragm Profile……Page 292
Straight-Sided Cones……Page 293
Suspensions……Page 295
Moving Coil Loudspeaker……Page 296
Motional Impedance……Page 297
Analogue models……Page 298
16 Loudspeaker Enclosures……Page 301
Reflex Cabinets……Page 303
Helmholtz resonator……Page 304
Maximising bass response……Page 305
Labyrinth Enclosures……Page 306
Professional Systems……Page 307
Ribbon Loudspeaker……Page 309
Wide Range Ribbon Systems……Page 310
The conical horn……Page 311
Hyperbolic horn……Page 312
Drive units……Page 313
Electrostatic Loudspeakers (ESL)……Page 314
Constant charge push-pull system……Page 316
Low frequencies……Page 317
Directivity……Page 318
17 Headphones……Page 321
Moving iron……Page 322
Moving-coil……Page 323
Electrodynamic/orthodynamic……Page 324
Basic Headphone Types……Page 325
Measuring Headphones……Page 327
The Future……Page 328
18 Public Address andSound Reinforcement……Page 330
High-impedance distribution……Page 331
Low-impedance distribution……Page 332
Column loudspeakers……Page 333
Constant directivity horn loudspeakers……Page 335
System types and loudspeaker distribution……Page 336
Inverse square law……Page 337
Reverberant soundfields and loudspeaker Q factor……Page 338
Effect of direct and reverberant sound components……Page 339
System frequency response……Page 340
Signal (time) Delay Systems……Page 341
Equalisers and Sound System Equalisation……Page 343
Equipment……Page 344
Amplifiers and Mixers……Page 345
Cinema systems……Page 346
Sound systems……Page 347
19 In-Car Audio……Page 348
Power Amplifiers……Page 349
Separate Power Amps……Page 350
Ambisonics……Page 351
Cassette Players……Page 352
Modern units……Page 353
In-Car CD……Page 354
Digital Audio Tape……Page 355
Loudspeakers……Page 356
Diaphragm materials……Page 357
KEF unit……Page 358
Active cross-overs……Page 359
Installation……Page 363
Interference entry points……Page 364
The Aerial……Page 365
Ignition System……Page 366
Heater Motor……Page 367
Grounding and shielding……Page 370
The Future for In-Car Audio……Page 371
20 Sound Synthesis……Page 373
Radiophonics and Sound Workshops……Page 374
Other delay techniques……Page 375
Digital methods……Page 376
Problems of Working with Totally Artificial……Page 377
Computers and Synthesizers (MIDI and MSX)……Page 379
MIDI methods……Page 380
Note on control changes……Page 382
Mode Messages……Page 384
Real Time……Page 387
21 Interconnections……Page 389
Resistance and Electrical Effects of Current……Page 392
Capacitive Effects……Page 394
Magnetic Effects……Page 395
Characteristic Impedance……Page 398
Reactive Components……Page 399
Interconnection Technologies……Page 401
Unscreened cables……Page 402
The usage of cables……Page 403
Loudspeaker cables……Page 404
Connector materials……Page 408
Phono connectors……Page 409
DIN connectors……Page 410
The 4 mm plug and post……Page 411
The XLR connector……Page 412
Optical connectors……Page 413
22 NICAM Stereo and Satellite Radio Systems……Page 415
The NICAM-728 receiver……Page 417
Multiple carrier sound channels……Page 418
MPEG Layer II (Musicam) audio processing……Page 419
The ADR receiver……Page 420
The transmission system……Page 422
Generating the transmission signal……Page 423
Digital System B,……Page 424
Reality of digital sound broadcasting……Page 425
23 Modern Audio and Hi- fi Servicing……Page 426
Compact disc……Page 428
Power supplies……Page 429
Microprocessors……Page 430
Discrete output stage failures……Page 433
Alignment procedures……Page 434
Surface mounted and VLSI devices……Page 435
Software problems……Page 436
Test equipment Conclusion……Page 437
Index……Page 438
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