Walter R. Niessen9780824706296, 0824706293
Table of contents :
COMBUSTION AND INCINERATION PROCESSES……Page 1
Preface to the Third Edition……Page 5
Preface to the Second Edition……Page 7
Preface to the First Edition……Page 9
Contents……Page 11
Introduction……Page 18
Contents……Page 0
1. The Perfect Gas Law……Page 22
2. Standard Conditions……Page 25
1. Heat of Reaction……Page 27
2. Sensible Heat of Gases……Page 29
3. Sensible Heat of Solids……Page 32
5. Decomposition and Ionization……Page 33
6. Kinetic and Potential Energy……Page 34
7. Heat Losses……Page 35
2. Basis of Computation……Page 36
3. Assumptions Regarding Combustion Chemistry……Page 37
B. Analyses……Page 38
3. Ultimate Analysis……Page 40
5. Special Analysis……Page 41
6. Regulatory=Process De.nitions……Page 42
7. Data Analysis……Page 43
A. Balances Based on Fuel Analysis……Page 46
B. Balances Based on Flue Gas Analysis……Page 50
IV. ENERGY BALANCES……Page 52
V. EQUILIBRIUM……Page 59
VI. COMBUSTION KINETICS……Page 66
1. Overall Kinetics……Page 68
2. Mechanism……Page 71
B. Kinetics of Carbon Monoxide Oxidation……Page 73
C. Kinetics of Soot Oxidation……Page 77
D. Kinetics of Waste Pyrolysis and Oxidation……Page 78
1. Kinetic Limitations as Combustor Failure Modes……Page 79
2. Laboratory Kinetic Data……Page 80
4. Flash Point Estimation……Page 87
I. GASEOUS COMBUSTION……Page 89
B. The Diffusion Flame……Page 90
A. Pool Burning……Page 93
B. Droplet Burning……Page 95
III. SOLID COMBUSTION……Page 99
A. Thermal Decomposition……Page 101
2. Pyrolysis Products……Page 103
3. Thermal Decomposition Kinetics……Page 108
B. Particle Burning Processes……Page 113
C. Mass Burning Processes……Page 115
Waste Characterization……Page 116
A. Chemistry……Page 120
B. Heat of Combustion……Page 121
C. Ash Fusion Characteristics……Page 124
D. Smoking Tendency……Page 129
II. SOLID WASTE……Page 130
1. Mixed Municipal Refuse……Page 131
2. Construction and Demolition Waste……Page 133
3. Institutional, Commercial, and Industrial Waste……Page 137
B. Solid Waste Properties……Page 138
1. Chemical Analysis……Page 144
4. Municipal Refuse as a Fuel……Page 155
5. Other Wastes……Page 162
III. BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER SLUDGE……Page 163
2. Physical Properties……Page 165
3. Thermal Properties……Page 169
I. ENCLOSURES……Page 173
A. Refractory Enclosure Systems……Page 174
2. Properties of Refractories……Page 175
3. Selection of Refractories……Page 184
4. Refractory Design and Construction Practices……Page 185
1. External Cooling……Page 191
3. Waterwall Boiler Enclosures……Page 192
A. Conduction……Page 203
C. Radiation……Page 206
D. Heat Transfer Implications in Design……Page 207
III. SLAGGING AND FOULING……Page 208
1. Introduction……Page 211
2. The Use of Jets for Combustion Control……Page 214
3. Jet Dynamics and Design Guidelines……Page 220
1. The Axial Swirl Burner—Isothermal Performance……Page 244
2. The Cyclone Combustion Chamber—Isothermal Performance……Page 246
3. The Axial Swirl Burner—Combustion Effects……Page 248
4. The Cyclone Combustion Chamber—Combustion Effects……Page 250
II. INDUCED FLOW……Page 251
1. Sidewall Jets……Page 252
2. Axial Jets……Page 253
B. Buoyancy……Page 257
A. Fundamental Distribution Relationships……Page 259
C. Failure Modes……Page 260
3. Perfect Mixing with Partial Short-Circuiting……Page 261
4. General Case……Page 262
A. General……Page 265
B. Pit and Crane Handling of Solid Wastes……Page 266
C. Size Reduction of Municipal Solid Wastes……Page 269
1. Horizontal Shaft Hammermill Shredders……Page 270
2. Vertical Shaft Mills……Page 271
D. Conveying of Solid Wastes……Page 273
1. Belt Conveyors……Page 277
3. Apron Conveyors……Page 278
2. Screens……Page 279
3. Trommels……Page 280
F. Ferrous Metal Separation……Page 281
A. General……Page 282
B. Sludge Pumping in Pipes……Page 283
Incineration Systems for Municipal Solid Wastes……Page 287
I. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES……Page 288
A. Throughput and Refuse Heat Content……Page 289
C. Plant Availability……Page 291
2. Equipment Outages……Page 293
A. Site Grading……Page 294
III. COLLECTION AND DELIVERY OF REFUSE……Page 295
A. Tipping Floor-Based Waste Storage and Reclaim Systems……Page 297
B. Pit and Crane-Based Waste Storage and Reclaim Systems……Page 298
C. Bin Storage and Reclaim Systems for RDF……Page 299
A. Feed Systems for Floor Dump Receipt and Storage……Page 300
1. Mass Burn Systems……Page 301
2. RDF Burning Systems……Page 303
B. Rotary Kiln……Page 307
D. Mechanical Grates: Batch Operations……Page 308
E. Mechanical Grates: Continuous Operations……Page 309
1. Reciprocating Grate……Page 310
2. Rocking Grate……Page 311
3. Vibrating, Oscillating, and Impact Grates……Page 312
4. Traveling Grate……Page 314
5. Drum Grate……Page 315
G. Fluid Bed Systems……Page 316
VIII. INCINERATOR FURNACE ENCLOSURES……Page 317
2. Refractories for Small, Multiple-Chamber Incinerators……Page 318
2. Shape Factors……Page 320
3. Heat Release Rate……Page 324
5. Slagging and Clinkering……Page 325
A. Market Size……Page 326
C. Market Reliability……Page 327
A. Under.re Air……Page 328
C. Secondary Air……Page 329
E. Air Preheat……Page 330
1. Direct Air Heaters……Page 331
A. Overview of Ash Problems……Page 332
B. Ash Properties……Page 333
C. Bottom Ash……Page 338
2. Dry Systems……Page 340
1. Ferrous Metal Recovery……Page 341
2. Roadbeds and Earthworks……Page 342
4. Financial Considerations in Residue Processing……Page 343
A. Cooling by Water Evaporation……Page 344
1. Wet Bottom Methods……Page 345
2. Dry Bottom Methods……Page 346
C. Cooling by Heat Withdrawal……Page 349
D. Steam Plumes……Page 350
XIII. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL……Page 352
2. Particulate Matter……Page 353
4. Odor……Page 354
B. Water Pollution……Page 356
A. Fan Types……Page 357
3. Hydraulic and Magnetic Drive Control……Page 358
XV. INCINERATOR STACKS……Page 359
XVI. REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL SYSTEMS……Page 361
B. RDF Combustion Systems……Page 363
1. Spreader Stoker Firing……Page 364
2. Suspension Burning……Page 366
A. Instrumentation and Control System Design Approach……Page 371
B. Process Measurements and Field Instruments……Page 372
C. Control System Levels……Page 373
2. Local Control Panels……Page 374
1. Automated Refuse Weighing……Page 375
3. Combustion Process Control……Page 376
4. Air Pollution Control Train……Page 380
5. Ash Handling System……Page 382
E. Portable Instruments……Page 383
B. RDF Incineration……Page 384
Incineration Systems for Sludge Wastes……Page 389
1. Fully Oxidizing Mode……Page 391
2. Starved-Air (Pyrolysis) Mode……Page 396
1. Retention Time……Page 397
3. Pyrolysis and Combustion Processes……Page 398
4. Heat and Material Balance Characteristics……Page 399
5. Operating Characteristics……Page 400
6. General Environmental Considerations……Page 402
II. FLUID BED SYSTEMS……Page 403
A. Process Characteristics……Page 405
2. Starved-Air (Pyrolysis) Mode……Page 408
1. Heat and Material Balance Characteristics……Page 409
2. Bed Solids and Bed De.uidization……Page 410
3. The Distribution Plate……Page 414
4. Sludge Feed……Page 415
6. Combustion Air Preheat……Page 416
C. Operating Characteristics……Page 417
D. General Environmental Considerations……Page 419
A. Kubota System……Page 420
B. Itoh Takuma System……Page 421
A. Liquid Storage……Page 423
B. Atomization……Page 424
2. High-Pressure Air or Steam Atomization……Page 426
4. Rotary Cup Atomization……Page 427
C. Ignition Tiles……Page 428
D. Combustion Space……Page 429
II. INCINERATORS FOR GASES (AFTERBURNERS)……Page 430
A. Energy Conservation Impacts on Afterburner Design……Page 431
1. Direct Flame Afterburner Technology……Page 433
2. Catalytic Afterburner Technology……Page 436
C. Afterburner Systems……Page 438
1. Direct Flame Afterburner Systems……Page 439
2. Flares……Page 440
3. Catalytic Afterburner Systems……Page 444
D. Potential Applications……Page 447
III. OPERATIONS AND SAFETY……Page 448
I. GENERAL……Page 450
1. Waste Storage System……Page 452
2. Freezing Liquids……Page 453
3. Storage Problems……Page 454
2. Atomizer Characteristics……Page 455
3. Solids Feeding……Page 457
C. Control Systems……Page 458
D. Refractory……Page 459
E. Air Pollution Control for Hazardous Waste Incinerators……Page 460
F. Evaluation Tests and POHC Selection……Page 461
1. Thermal Behavior……Page 462
4. Waste Characteristics and the Use of Surrogates……Page 463
II. ROTARY KILN SYSTEMS……Page 464
A. Sludge Incineration Applications……Page 467
2. Slagging Kilns……Page 468
3. Secondary Chambers……Page 471
III. CIRCULATING FLUID BED……Page 472
A. CFB Hydrodynamics……Page 473
A. Soil Parameters……Page 474
3. Fine-Grained Soils……Page 475
1. Rotary Dryers……Page 477
2. Heated Screws……Page 478
1. Temperature……Page 479
3. Sweep Gas……Page 480
V. PLASMA TECHNOLOGY……Page 481
I. MULTIPLE CHAMBER (HEARTH OR FIXED GRATE)……Page 484
III. MODULAR STARVED AIR……Page 487
IV. OPEN PIT TYPE……Page 488
V. CONICAL (TEPEE) TYPE……Page 491
VI. GASIFICATION PROCESSES FOR MSW……Page 492
A. General……Page 494
2. Process Description……Page 495
3. Environmental Aspects……Page 500
1. Introduction……Page 501
2. Process Description……Page 503
3. Environmental Aspects……Page 504
1. Introduction……Page 505
2. Process Description……Page 506
3. Environmental Aspects……Page 511
4. Product Gas and Residue……Page 512
I. AIR POLLUTANTS FROM COMBUSTION PROCESSES……Page 513
1. General……Page 515
2. Gaseous and Liquid Wastes and Fuels……Page 516
3. Sludge……Page 518
4. Solid Wastes and Fuels……Page 519
B. Combustible Solids, Liquids, and Gases……Page 529
1. Pollutant Characterization……Page 530
3. Concepts for Control……Page 531
1. Sulfur Oxides……Page 532
2. The Halogens and Their Acids (Chlorine, Hydrogen Chloride, etc.)……Page 534
D. Nitrogen Oxides……Page 535
1. Thermal Generation……Page 536
2. Fuel Nitrogen Generation……Page 537
3. Emission Estimation……Page 538
II. AIR TOXICS……Page 541
1. General Factors Affecting Heavy-Metal Emission Rates……Page 543
2. Municipal Waste Combustors……Page 544
4. Fluid Bed Sewage Sludge Incinerators……Page 547
5. Multiple Hearth Sewage Sludge Incinerators……Page 554
1. General……Page 556
2. Emissions of Speci.c Compounds……Page 558
Air Pollution Control for Incineration Systems……Page 564
B. Cyclones and Inertial Collectors……Page 566
C. Wet Scrubbers……Page 569
1. Venturi Scrubbers……Page 570
3. Subcooling and Plume Reduction……Page 573
4. Mist Elimination……Page 576
1. Dry Electrostatic Precipitator Systems……Page 579
2. Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Systems……Page 586
E. Fabric Filter (Baghouse)……Page 587
1. Baghouse Classi.cations……Page 591
3. Operational Characteristics……Page 593
F. Absorbers……Page 594
1. Wet Packed Towers for Removal of Pollutant Gases……Page 595
2. Dry Absorbent Contactors for Acid Gas Pollutant Control……Page 596
3. Dry Absorbent Contactors for Volatile Pollutant Control……Page 597
4. Semi-Dry Absorbent Contactors for Gaseous Pollutant Control……Page 598
1. NOx Control……Page 600
2. Mercury Control……Page 603
3. Control of Dioxins and Other Hydrocarbon Pollutants……Page 607
4. Dry Sorbent Injection Technology……Page 608
A. Air Pollution Control through Process Optimization……Page 609
B. Control Selections for Incinerator Types……Page 610
1. Municipal Refuse Incinerators……Page 611
3. Hazardous Waste Incinerators……Page 613
C. Continuous-Emission Monitoring……Page 614
1. General……Page 615
2. Simpli.ed Dispersion Calculations……Page 617
I. CHARACTERIZE THE WASTE……Page 626
VI. EVALUATE INCINERATOR DYNAMICS……Page 627
VIII. DEVELOP INCINERATOR ECONOMICS……Page 628
1. Capital Investment……Page 629
2. Operating Costs……Page 632
IX. BUILD AND OPERATE……Page 633
Symbols: A Partial List……Page 634
Conversion Factors……Page 638
Periodic Table of Elements……Page 641
Combustion Properties of Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, and Other Materials……Page 643
Pyrometric Cone Equivalent……Page 655
Spreadsheet Templates for Use in Heat and Material Balance Calculations……Page 657
1. Input……Page 658
4. Extended Applications of the Basic Spreadsheet……Page 660
C. Moisture Correction in Refuse Analyses: Moisture.xls……Page 661
D. Equilibrium Constant Estimation: Equil.xls……Page 665
E. Steam.exe Program……Page 667
Thermal Stability Indices……Page 669
Notes and References……Page 686
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