Franklin D Jones, Henry H Ryffel, Erik Oberg, Christopher J McCauley, Ricardo M Heald9780831127008, 0-8311-2700-7
New Features -A new more usable organization…every section has been reformatted so that you will never have to search outside of that area for information on the topic you are exploring. -30% MORE math coverage…from the basic to the advanced, you’ll find fractions, positive and negative numbers, derivatives and integrals, analytical geometry, circular segments, matrices and engineering economics. -New or revised material on…cutting tools, screw threads, symbols and abbreviations, threads and threading, disc springs, properties and materials, sine bars, and sheet metal. -Updated Standards. -New individual indices for standards, materials, and interactive equations.
Table of contents :
Front Matter……Page 1
Preface……Page 3
Acknowledgments……Page 5
Guide to Machinery’s Handbook 27th Edition……Page 0
Machinery’s Handbook 27th Edition……Page 6
The Purpose of this Book……Page 8
The Metric System……Page 9
Table of Contents……Page 12
Table of Contents……Page 13
Machinery’s Handbook 27th Edition……Page 15
2. Chordal Dimensions, Segments, and Spheres……Page 18
3. Formulas and Their Rearrangement……Page 22
4. Spreadsheet Calculations……Page 36
5. Calculations Involving Logarithms of Numbers……Page 46
6. Dimensions, Areas, and Volumes of Geometrical Figures……Page 56
7. Geometrical Propositions and Constructions……Page 60
8. Functions of Angles……Page 64
9. Solution of Right-angle Triangles……Page 72
10. Solution of Oblique Triangles……Page 92
11. Figuring Tapers……Page 102
12. Tolerances and Allowances For Machine Parts……Page 108
13. Using Standards Data and Information……Page 122
14. Standard Screw and Pipe Threads……Page 127
15. Problems In Mechanics……Page 136
16. Strength of Materials……Page 152
17. Design of Shafts and Keys For Power Transmission……Page 164
18. Splines……Page 173
19. Problems in Designing and Cutting Gears……Page 183
20. Cutting Speeds, Feeds, and Machining Power……Page 210
21. Numerical Control……Page 219
22. General Review Questions……Page 226
23. Answers to Practice Exercises……Page 235
Mathematics……Page 285
Fractional Inch, Decimal, Millimeter Conversion……Page 287
Positive and Negative Numbers……Page 288
Ratio and Proportion……Page 289
Percentage……Page 291
Reciprocals……Page 292
Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers……Page 293
Decimal Fractions……Page 294
Continued Fractions……Page 295
Conjugate Fractions……Page 296
Using Continued Fraction Convergents as Conjugates……Page 297
Powers of Ten Notation……Page 298
Multiplying Numbers Written in Powers of Ten Notation……Page 299
Constants Frequently Used in Mathematical Expressions……Page 300
Operations on Complex Numbers……Page 301
Combinations……Page 302
Prime Numbers and Factors of Numbers……Page 303
Rearrangement and Transposition of Terms in Formulas……Page 313
Principal Algebraic Expressions and Formulas……Page 314
Solution of Quadratic Equations with One Unknown……Page 315
Factoring a Quadratic Expression……Page 316
Solving Numerical Equations Having One Unknown……Page 317
Formulas for Differential and Integral Calculus……Page 318
Geometrical Progression……Page 320
Straight Line……Page 323
Coordinate Systems……Page 326
Parabola……Page 329
Ellipse……Page 330
Hyperbola……Page 331
Pappus or Guldinus Rules……Page 343
Area of Plane Surfaces of Irregular Outline……Page 344
Find the Contents of Cylindrical Tanks at Different Levels……Page 345
Areas and Dimensions of Plane Figures……Page 347
Formulas and Table for Regular Polygons……Page 353
Circular Segments……Page 354
Segments of Circles for Radius = 1……Page 355
Diameters of Circles and Sides of Squares of Equal Area……Page 357
Distance Across Corners of Squares and Hexagons……Page 358
Volumes of Solids……Page 359
Diameter of Circle Enclosing a Given Number of Smaller Circles……Page 365
Circles within Rectangles……Page 370
Rollers on a Shaft……Page 371
Functions of Angles……Page 372
Trigonometric Identities……Page 373
Solution of Right-Angled Triangles……Page 375
Solution of Oblique-Angled Triangles……Page 378
Conversion Tables of Angular Measure……Page 380
Graphic Illustrations of the Functions of Angles……Page 382
Tables of Trigonometric Functions……Page 383
Involute Functions……Page 387
Compound Angles……Page 392
Interpolation……Page 394
Common Logarithms……Page 395
Finding a Number Whose Logarithm Is Given……Page 396
Obtaining the Powers of Numbers……Page 397
Extracting Roots by Logarithms……Page 398
Table of Logarithms……Page 399
Matrix Multiplication……Page 403
Determinant of a Square Matrix……Page 404
Adjoint of a Matrix……Page 405
Simultaneous Equations……Page 406
Compound Interest……Page 409
Nominal vs. Effective Interest Rates……Page 410
Annuities……Page 411
Cash Flow Diagrams……Page 412
Statutory Depreciation System……Page 414
Net Present Value……Page 415
Capitalized Cost……Page 416
Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost……Page 417
Break-Even Analysis……Page 418
Overhead Expenses……Page 421
Mechanics and Strength of Materials……Page 422
Definitions……Page 425
The Use of the Metric SI System in Mechanics Calculations……Page 426
Graphical Representation of Forces……Page 429
Couples……Page 431
Algebraic Composition and Resolution of Force Systems……Page 432
Algebraic Solution of Force Systems – All Forces in the Same Plane……Page 433
Algebraic Solution of Force Systems – Forces Not in Same Plane……Page 437
Parallel Forces……Page 438
Nonparallel Forces……Page 439
Influence of Friction on the Efficiency of Small Machine Elements……Page 441
Static Friction Coefficients……Page 442
Levers……Page 443
Inclined Plane – Wedge……Page 445
Wheels and Pulleys……Page 446
Geneva Wheel……Page 447
Toggle Joint……Page 448
Pendulum Formulas……Page 449
Harmonic……Page 450
Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration……Page 451
Angular Velocity of Rotating Bodies……Page 452
Rotary Motion with Constant Acceleration……Page 453
Accelerations Resulting from Unbalanced Forces……Page 455
Formulas Relating Torque and Angular Acceleration……Page 456
Energy……Page 457
Relation between Work and Energy……Page 458
Force of a Blow……Page 459
Impulse and Momentum……Page 460
Formulas for Work and Power……Page 462
Centrifugal Force……Page 463
Centrifugal Casting……Page 464
Classification of Flywheels……Page 467
General Procedure in Flywheel Design……Page 468
Flywheels for Presses, Punches, Shears, Etc……Page 469
Dimensions of Flywheels for Punches and Shears……Page 470
Simplified Flywheel Calculations……Page 471
Centrifugal Stresses in Flywheel Rims……Page 472
Thickness of Cast Iron Flywheel Rims……Page 473
Tables of Safe Speeds for Flywheels……Page 474
Safe Speed Formulas for Flywheels and Pulleys……Page 475
Tests to Determine Flywheel Bursting Speeds……Page 476
Steam Engine Flywheels……Page 477
Spokes or Arms of Flywheels……Page 478
Formulas for Critical Speeds……Page 479
Balancing Calculations……Page 481
Counterbalancing Several Masses Located in a Single Plane……Page 482
Counterbalancing Masses Located in Two or More Planes……Page 484
Balancing Lathe Fixtures……Page 485
Mechanical Properties of Materials……Page 487
Poisson’s Ratio……Page 488
Fatigue Properties……Page 489
The Influence of Mean Stress on Fatigue……Page 490
Modes of Fatigue Failure……Page 491
Working Stress……Page 492
Stress Concentration Factors……Page 493
Simple Stresses……Page 497
Deflections……Page 498
Tables of Combined Stresses……Page 499
Three-Dimensional Stress……Page 503
Sample Calculations……Page 505
Stresses and Deflections in a Loaded Ring……Page 507
Strength of Taper Pins……Page 508
Center of Gravity……Page 509
Center of Gravity of Figures of any Outline……Page 515
Radius of Gyration……Page 516
Center of Percussion……Page 519
Moment of Inertia……Page 520
Moment of Inertia of Built-up Sections……Page 521
Moments of Inertia, Section Moduli, and Radii of Gyration……Page 522
Mass Moments of Inertia……Page 532
Formulas for Polar Moment of Inertia of Masses, JM……Page 534
Moments of Inertia and Section Moduli for Rectangles and Round Shafts……Page 537
Stresses and Deflections in Beams……Page 544
Stress and Deflection Beam Table……Page 545
Rectangular and Round Solid Beams……Page 556
Beams of Uniform Strength Throughout Their Length……Page 558
Deflection as a Limiting Factor in Beam Design……Page 561
Curved Beams……Page 562
American Railway Engineering Association Formulas……Page 565
Stresses in Beams Produced by Shocks……Page 566
Stresses in Helical Springs Produced by Shocks……Page 567
Fatigue Stresses……Page 568
Formulas of American Railway Engineering Association……Page 569
Machine Elements Subjected to Compressive Loads……Page 570
American Institute of Steel Construction……Page 573
Square and Rectangular Flat Plates……Page 576
Strength of Cylinders Subjected to Internal Pressure……Page 578
Spherical Shells Subjected to Internal Pressure……Page 579
Collapsing Pressure of Cylinders and Tubes Subjected to External Pressures……Page 581
Torsional Strength of Shafting……Page 583
Torsional Deflection of Circular Shafts……Page 585
Linear Deflection of Shafting……Page 586
Design of Transmission Shafting……Page 587
Formula for Shafts of Brittle Materials……Page 589
Shaft Couplings……Page 590
Comparison of Hollow and Solid Shafting with Same Outside Diameter……Page 591
Notation……Page 592
High-Carbon Spring Steels in Flat Strip Form……Page 593
Stainless Spring Steels……Page 594
Copper-Base Spring Alloys……Page 595
Nickel-Base Spring Alloys with Constant Moduli of Elasticity……Page 596
Allowable Working Stresses for Springs……Page 597
Endurance Limit for Spring Materials……Page 602
Working Stresses at Elevated Temperatures……Page 603
Helical Compression Spring Design……Page 604
Formulas for Compression Spring……Page 606
Table of Spring Characteristics……Page 608
Extension Springs……Page 613
Extension Spring Design……Page 615
Tolerances for Compression and Extension Springs……Page 617
Torsion Spring Design……Page 619
Torsion Spring Design Recommendations……Page 625
Table of Torsion Spring Characteristics……Page 626
Torsion Spring Tolerances……Page 631
Flat Springs Formulas……Page 632
General Heat Treating Information for Springs……Page 633
Spring Failure……Page 636
Music Wire……Page 637
Disc Spring Group Classification……Page 638
Disc Spring Materials……Page 639
Stacking of Disc Springs……Page 640
Force Generated by Disc Springs Without Contact Surfaces……Page 642
Disc Spring Functional Stresses……Page 645
Fatigue Life of Disc Springs……Page 646
Example Applications of Disc Springs……Page 649
Wire Rope Construction……Page 653
Properties of Wire Rope……Page 654
Standard Classes of Wire Rope……Page 655
Weights and Strengths……Page 656
Sizes and Strengths of Wire Rope……Page 660
Safe Working Loads and Factors of Safety……Page 661
Installing Wire Rope……Page 662
Drum or Reel Capacity……Page 663
Minimum Sheave- and Drum-Groove Dimensions for Wire Rope Applications……Page 664
Lubrication of Wire Rope……Page 665
Applying Clips and Attaching Sockets……Page 666
Rated Capacities for Improved Plow Steel Wire Rope and Wire Rope Slings (in tons of 2,000 lbs)……Page 668
Care of Hoisting and Crane Chains……Page 670
Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains……Page 671
Strength of Manila Rope……Page 672
Loads Lifted by Crane Chains……Page 674
Sprocket Wheels for Ordinary Link Chains……Page 675
Method of Making an Eye-splice……Page 677
Hot Dip Galvanized, Forged Steel Eye-bolts……Page 678
Lifting Eyes……Page 679
Properties, Treatment, and Testing of Materials……Page 680
The Elements – Symbols, Atomic Numbers and Weights, Melting Points……Page 682
Specific Heat……Page 683
Heat Loss from Uncovered Steam Pipes……Page 684
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion……Page 686
Typical Thermal Properties of Various Metals……Page 687
Change in Radius of Thin Circular Ring with Temperature……Page 689
Specific Gravity of Liquids……Page 691
How to Estimate the Weight of Natural Piles……Page 693
Mol……Page 694
Mechanical Properties of Wood……Page 695
Effect of Pressure Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Wood……Page 696
Machinability of Wood……Page 697
Typical Properties of Ceramics Materials……Page 699
Typical Properties of Plastics Materials……Page 700
Mechanical Properties of Various Investment Casting Alloys……Page 701
Typical Properties of Compressed and Sintered Powdered Metal Alloys……Page 703
Typical Elastic Properties of Materials……Page 704
Influence of Temperature on the Strength of Metals……Page 705
Water Pressure……Page 706
Flow of Water in Pipes……Page 707
Buoyancy……Page 708
Flow through Nozzle……Page 709
Pipe Expansion Due to Temperature Changes……Page 711
Volumes and Weights of Air at Different Temperatures, at Atmospheric Pressure……Page 712
Density of Air at Different Pressures and Temperatures……Page 713
Expansion and Compression of Air……Page 714
Work Required in Compression of Air……Page 715
Continuity Equation……Page 716
Flow of Compressed Air in Pipes……Page 720
Velocity of Escaping Compressed Air……Page 721
Standard Steel Classification……Page 722
Numbering Systems for Metals and Alloys……Page 724
Damascus Steel……Page 725
AISI-SAE Numbers for Steel……Page 726
AISI-SAE Designation System……Page 727
Composition of AISI-SAE Standard Carbon Steels……Page 728
Compositions of AISI-SAE Standard Alloy Steels……Page 730
Standard Stainless Steels – Typical Compositions……Page 732
Thermal Treatments of Steel……Page 733
Applications……Page 734
Carbon Steels……Page 736
Carburizing Grades of Alloy Steels……Page 739
Directly Hardenable Grades of Alloy Steels……Page 740
Characteristics and Typical Applications of Standard Stainless Steels……Page 741
Chromium-Nickel Austenitic Steels……Page 744
Stainless Chromium Irons and Steels……Page 745
High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels……Page 746
Typical Mechanical Properties of Steel……Page 748
The Properties of Tool Steels……Page 759
Common Tool Faults and Failures……Page 762
The Effect of Alloying Elements on Tool Steel Properties……Page 763
Classification of Tool Steels……Page 765
The Selection of Tool Steels for Particular Applications……Page 771
Molybdenum-Type High-Speed Tool Steels……Page 772
Tungsten-Type High-Speed Tool Steels……Page 774
Hot-Work Tool Steels, Chromium Types……Page 775
Hot-Work Tool Steels, Molybdenum Types……Page 777
Cold-Work Tool Steels, Oil-Hardening Types……Page 778
Shock-Resisting, Mold, and Special-Purpose Tool Steels……Page 779
Mold Steels……Page 781
Water-Hardening Tool Steels……Page 783
Mill Production Forms of Tool Steels……Page 785
Advances in Tool Steel Making Technology……Page 786
Heat-Treating Definitions……Page 787
Hardness and Hardenability……Page 791
Surface Hardening Treatment (Case Hardening)……Page 793
Effect of Heating Fully Annealed Carbon Steel……Page 794
Effect of Rapid Cooling or Quenching on Carbon Steel……Page 795
Steel Heat-Treating Furnaces……Page 796
Basic Steps in Hardening……Page 797
Critical Points of Decalescence and Recalescence……Page 798
Hardening Temperatures for Carbon Tool Steels……Page 799
The Lead Bath……Page 800
Hardening or Quenching Baths……Page 801
Quenching in Molten Salt Bath……Page 802
Interrupted Quenching……Page 803
Tempering……Page 805
Tempering in Salt Baths……Page 806
To Prevent Lead from Sticking to Steel……Page 807
Annealing, Spheroidizing, and Normalizing……Page 808
Annealing by Constant-Temperature Transformation……Page 809
Use of Carbonaceous Mixtures……Page 810
Nitriding Process……Page 811
Induction Hardening……Page 813
Typical Heat Treatments for SAE Carbon Steels……Page 816
Typical Heat Treatments for SAE Alloy Steels……Page 817
Metallography……Page 818
Typical SAE Heat Treatments for Grades of ChromiumƒNickel Austenitic Steels Not Hardenable by Thermal Treatment……Page 820
Typical SAE Heat Treatments for Stainless Chromium Steels……Page 821
Hardening of Tungsten High-Speed Steel……Page 822
Tempering or Drawing Tungsten High-Speed Steel……Page 824
Hardening Molybdenum High-Speed Steels……Page 825
Protective Coatings for Molybdenum Steels……Page 826
Equipment for Hardening High-Speed Steel……Page 827
Changes Resulting From Subzero Treatment……Page 828
Stabilizing Dimensions of Close-Fitting Machine Parts……Page 829
Order of Cooling and Tempering Periods for High-speed Steel……Page 830
Brinell Hardness Test……Page 831
Vickers Hardness Test……Page 832
Comparison of Hardness Scales……Page 833
Comparative Hardness Scales for Steel……Page 834
Durometer Tests……Page 835
Strength Data for Nonferrous Metals……Page 838
Cast Copper Alloys……Page 839
Wrought Copper Alloys……Page 844
Copper-Beryllium Alloys……Page 853
Characteristics of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys……Page 855
Temper Designations for Aluminum Alloys……Page 856
Composition of Casting Alloys……Page 859
Properties of Casting Alloys……Page 860
Compositions of Wrought Alloys……Page 862
Properties of Wrought Alloys……Page 864
Characteristics of Principal Aluminum Alloy Series Groups……Page 868
Type Metal……Page 869
Alloy and Temper Designation……Page 870
Titanium and Titanium Alloys……Page 873
Mechanical Properties of Wrought Titanium Alloys……Page 875
Characteristics of Important Plastics Families……Page 876
Mixtures……Page 877
Physical Properties……Page 878
Mechanical Properties……Page 880
Other Measures of Strength and Modulus……Page 885
Time-Related Mechanical Properties……Page 886
Thermal Properties……Page 887
Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties……Page 888
Electrical Properties……Page 889
End-Use Environmental Considerations……Page 890
Structural Analysis……Page 891
Design Stresses for Preliminary Part Designs Expressed as a Percentage of Manufacturers’ Data Sheet Strength Values……Page 893
Thermal Stresses……Page 894
Design for Injection Moldings……Page 895
Design for Assembly……Page 899
Assembly with Fasteners……Page 904
Machining Plastics……Page 905
Development of Prototypes……Page 908
Plastics Gearing……Page 909
Tooling and Toolmaking……Page 913
Terms and Definitions……Page 916
Relief Angles……Page 919
Rake Angles……Page 920
Nose Radius……Page 921
Chipbreakers……Page 922
Introduction……Page 923
Identification System for Indexable Inserts……Page 924
Indexable Insert Tool Holders……Page 925
Identification System for Indexable Insert Holders……Page 926
Selecting Indexable Insert Holders……Page 928
Single-Point, Sintered-Carbide-Tipped Tools……Page 931
American National Standard Style A Carbide Tipped Tools……Page 934
American National Standard Style B Carbide Tipped Tools with 15-degree Side-cutting-edge Angle……Page 935
American National Standard Style D, 80-degree Nose-angle Carbide Tipped Tools……Page 936
American National Standard Styles ER and EL, 60-degree Nose-angle, Carbide Tipped Tools with Offset Point……Page 937
Carbide Tools……Page 938
American National Standard Style G, Offset, Side-cutting, Carbide Tipped Tools……Page 939
Carbides and Carbonitrides……Page 940
Properties of Tungsten-Carbide-Based Cutting-Tool……Page 941
Ceramics……Page 945
Superhard Materials……Page 948
Basic Machining Data……Page 949
Cutting Blades……Page 950
Table Giving Step Dimensions and Angles on Straight or Dovetailed Forming Tools……Page 951
Circular Forming Tools……Page 954
Using Tables for “Corrected Diameters of Circular Forming Tools”……Page 956
Arrangement of Circular Tools……Page 961
Circular Cut-Off Tools……Page 962
Number of Teeth in Milling Cutters……Page 963
Explanation of the “Hand” of Milling Cutters……Page 964
American National Standard Plain Milling Cutters……Page 965
American National Standard Side Milling Cutters……Page 966
American National Standard Form Relieved Corner Rounding Cutters with Weldon Shanks……Page 967
Milling Cutter Terms……Page 968
End Mill Terms……Page 970
American National Standard Multiple- and Two-Flute Single-End Helical End Mills with Plain Straight and Weldon Shanks……Page 971
ANSI Regular-, Long-, and Extra Long-Length, Multiple-Flute Medium Helix Single-End End Mills with Weldon Shanks……Page 972
ANSI Two-Flute, High Helix, Regular-, Long-, and Extra Long-Length, Single-End End Mills with Weldon Shanks……Page 973
ANSI Roughing, Single-End End Mills with Weldon Shanks, High-Speed Steel……Page 974
Amerian National Standard Form Relieved, Concave, Convex, and Corner-Rounding Arbor-Type Cutters……Page 982
American National Standard Roller Chain Sprocket Milling Cutters……Page 984
American National Standard Keys and Keyways for Milling Cutters and Arbors……Page 986
American National Standard Woodruff Keyseat CuttersŒShank-Type Straight- Teeth and Arbor-Type Staggered-Teeth……Page 987
Setting Angles for Milling Straight Teeth of Uniform Land Width in End Mills, Angular Cutters, and Taper Reamers……Page 988
Wheels for Sharpening Milling Cutters……Page 991
Clearance Angles for Milling Cutter Teeth……Page 992
Eccentric Type Radial Relief……Page 993
Indicator Drop Method of Checking Relief and Rake Angles……Page 996
Relieving Attachments……Page 997
Distance to Set Tooth Rest Below Cutter Center When Cup Wheel is Used……Page 998
Hand Reamers……Page 999
Fluted Chucking Reamers……Page 1000
Cutters for Fluting Rose Chucking Reamers……Page 1001
Reamer Terms and Definitions……Page 1002
Dimensions of Centers for Reamers and Arbors……Page 1006
Reamer Difficulties……Page 1007
Expansion Chucking Reamers – Straight and Taper Shanks……Page 1009
Hand Reamers – Straight and Helical Flutes……Page 1010
American National Standard Expansion Hand Reamers – Straight and Helical Flutes, Squared Shank……Page 1011
American National Standard Driving Slots and Lugs for Shell Reamers or Shell Reamer Arbors……Page 1012
Straight Shank Chucking Reamers – Straight Flutes, Wire Gage Sizes……Page 1013
Shell Reamers – Straight and Helical Flutes……Page 1016
Center Reamers……Page 1018
B & S Taper Reamers – Straight and Spiral Flutes, Squared Shank……Page 1019
Definitions of Twist Drill Terms……Page 1021
Types of Drills……Page 1022
Drill Drivers – Split-Sleeve, Collet Type……Page 1042
Three- and Four-Flute Straight Shank Core Drills……Page 1043
British Standard Metric Twist Drills……Page 1045
Gauge and Letter Sizes……Page 1046
Morse Taper Shank Twist Drills and Core Drills……Page 1047
Tolerance on Diameter……Page 1048
Parallel Shank Jobber Series Twist Drills……Page 1049
Accuracy of Drilled Holes……Page 1051
Counterboring……Page 1052
Three Piece Counterbores……Page 1053
Sintered Carbide Boring Tools……Page 1054
Square Boring Tools……Page 1056
Carbide-Tipped Square Boring Tools……Page 1057
Boring Machines, Origin……Page 1058
Definitions of Tap Terms……Page 1059
Fraction-Size Taps……Page 1063
Machine Screw Taps……Page 1065
Ground Thread Limits……Page 1066
Taper Pipe Taps……Page 1067
Straight Pipe Taps……Page 1068
Straight Fluted Taps……Page 1070
Spiral-Pointed Taps……Page 1072
ANSI Standard Taps……Page 1077
ANSI Standard Ground Thread Spark Plug Taps……Page 1078
ANSI Standard Spiral Pointed Ground Thread Taps……Page 1080
ANSI Standard Taper and Straight Pipe Taps……Page 1081
Thread Series Designations……Page 1083
Eccentricity Tolerances……Page 1084
Standard System of Ground Thread Tap Limits and Identification for Metric Screw Threads, M Profile……Page 1085
Acme and Square-Threaded Taps……Page 1086
Acme Threads Taps……Page 1087
Drill Hole Sizes for Acme Threads……Page 1088
British Standard Screwing Taps for ISO Metric Threads……Page 1089
Tapping Square Threads……Page 1092
Jarno Taper……Page 1093
British Standard Tapers……Page 1101
Morse Taper Sleeves……Page 1102
Brown & Sharpe Taper Shanks……Page 1103
Tapers for Machine Tool Spindles……Page 1104
Plug and Ring Gages……Page 1105
Jacobs Tapers and Threads……Page 1106
Spindle Noses……Page 1107
Tool Shanks……Page 1109
Draw-in Bolt Ends……Page 1110
Spindle Nose……Page 1111
Collets for Lathes, Mills, Grinders, and Fixtures……Page 1112
Recommended Maximum Grinding Wheel Sizes for Portable Tools……Page 1115
Square Drives for Portable Air……Page 1116
Abrasion Tool Spindles……Page 1117
Hexagonal Chucks and Shanks for Portable Air……Page 1118
Mounted Wheels and Mounted Points……Page 1119
Shapes and Sizes of Mounted Wheels and Points……Page 1121
Types of Broaches……Page 1122
Pitch of Broach Teeth……Page 1123
Broaching Pressure……Page 1124
Depth of Cut per Tooth……Page 1125
Chip Breakers……Page 1126
Ball-Broaching……Page 1127
Broaching Difficulties……Page 1128
Definitions of File Terms……Page 1129
Classes of Files……Page 1130
Effectiveness of Rotary Files and Burs……Page 1132
Steel Wool……Page 1133
Tool Wear and Sharpening……Page 1134
Relief Grinding of the Tool Flanks……Page 1136
Drill Point Thinning……Page 1137
Silicon Carbide Wheels……Page 1138
Diamond Concentration……Page 1139
Peripheral Versus Flat Side Grinding……Page 1140
Summary of Miscellaneous Points……Page 1141
American National Standard Jig Bushings……Page 1142
Head Type Press Fit Wearing Bushings……Page 1143
Slip Type Renewable Wearing Bushings……Page 1146
Fixed Type Renewable Wearing Bushings……Page 1148
Headless Type Liner Bushings……Page 1149
Locking Mechanisms……Page 1151
Jig Borers……Page 1152
Jig-Boring Practice……Page 1153
Transfer of Tolerances……Page 1154
Hole Coordinate Dimension Factors for Jig Boring……Page 1156
Spacing Off the Circumferences of Circles……Page 1158
Hole Coordinate Tables……Page 1160
Dimensioning, Gaging and Measuring……Page 1172
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing……Page 1173
Comparison of ANSI and ISO Geometric Symbols……Page 1176
Definitions……Page 1177
Datum Referencing……Page 1181
Positional Tolerance……Page 1183
Checking Drawings……Page 1185
Tapers for Machine Tool Spindles……Page 1187
Unilateral and Bilateral Tolerances……Page 1188
Locating Tolerance Dimensions……Page 1189
Allowance for Given Pressure……Page 1190
Allowances for Shrinkage Fits……Page 1191
Temperatures for Shrinkage Fits……Page 1192
Definitions……Page 1194
ANSI Standard Fits……Page 1195
Description of Fits……Page 1198
Modified Standard Fits……Page 1199
Running and Sliding Fits……Page 1201
Clearance Locational Fits……Page 1203
Transition Locational Fits……Page 1205
Definitions……Page 1208
Tolerances Designation……Page 1209
Preferred Metric Fits……Page 1210
Hole Basis Fits……Page 1213
Shaft Basis Fits……Page 1217
Gagemakers Tolerances……Page 1221
British Standard for Metric ISO Limits and Fits……Page 1222
Calculated Limits of Tolerance……Page 1223
Tolerance for Selected Shafts……Page 1225
Clearances……Page 1226
Deviations for Shafts……Page 1228
Deviations for Holes……Page 1230
American National Standard for Preferred Numbers……Page 1232
British Standard Preferred Numbers and Preferred Sizes……Page 1233
Reading a Vernier……Page 1235
Dual Metric-Inch Vernier……Page 1236
Reading a Micrometer……Page 1237
Types of Sine-bars……Page 1238
Measuring Angle of Templet or Gage with Sine-bar……Page 1239
Using a Calculator to Determine Sine-bar Constants for a Given Angle……Page 1240
Dimensioning Tapers……Page 1241
Constants for 5-inch Sine-bar……Page 1242
Constants for 100-millimeter Sine-bar……Page 1249
Measuring Dovetail Slides……Page 1256
Tapers per Foot and Corresponding Angles……Page 1257
Rules for Figuring Tapers……Page 1258
Checking a V-shaped Groove by Measurement Over Pins……Page 1260
Checking Radius of Arc by Measurement Over Rolls……Page 1261
Checking for Various Shaft Conditions……Page 1262
Out-of-Roundness – Lobing……Page 1264
Measuring by Light-wave Interference Bands……Page 1266
Definitions of Terms Relating to the Surfaces of Solid Materials……Page 1267
Definitions of Terms Relating to the Measurement of Surface Texture……Page 1269
Sampling Lengths……Page 1270
Roughness Parameters……Page 1271
Relation of Surface Roughness to Tolerances……Page 1272
Instrumentation for Surface Texture Measurement……Page 1273
Drawing Practices for Surface Texture Symbols……Page 1274
Surface Texture Symbol……Page 1275
Applying Surface Texture Symbols……Page 1276
Roughness Average Values……Page 1277
Metric Dimensions on Drawings……Page 1278
Rules for Comparing Measured Values to Specified Limits……Page 1281
ISO Surface Parameter Symbols……Page 1282
Federal Specification for Gage Blocks, Inch and Metric Sizes……Page 1286
Gage Block Sets……Page 1287
Machining Operations……Page 1289
Cutting Tool Materials……Page 1293
Cutting Speed, Feed, Depth of Cut, Tool Wear, and Tool Life……Page 1297
Selecting Cutting Conditions……Page 1298
Tool Troubleshooting……Page 1299
Cutting Speed Formulas……Page 1300
Revolutions per Minute for Various Cutting Speeds and Diameters……Page 1302
Principal Speed and Feed Tables……Page 1306
Speed and Feed Tables for Turning……Page 1310
Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels……Page 1311
Tool Steels……Page 1315
Stainless Steels……Page 1316
Ferrous Cast Metals……Page 1317
Speed and Tool Life Adjustments……Page 1319
Copper Alloys……Page 1321
Titanium and Titanium Alloys……Page 1322
Superalloys……Page 1323
Speed and Feed Tables for Milling……Page 1324
Slit Milling……Page 1327
Aluminum Alloys……Page 1328
Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels……Page 1329
Tool Steels……Page 1333
Stainless Steels……Page 1334
Ferrous Cast Metals……Page 1336
High Speed Steel Cutters……Page 1338
Speed Adjustment Factors……Page 1340
Radial Depth of Cut Adjustments……Page 1341
Tool Life Adjustment……Page 1343
Using the Feed and Speed Tables for Drilling, Reaming, and Threading……Page 1344
Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels……Page 1345
Tool Steels……Page 1350
Stainless Steels……Page 1351
Ferrous Cast Metals……Page 1352
Light Metals……Page 1354
Adjustment Factors for HSS……Page 1355
Using the Feed and Speed Tables for Tapping and Threading……Page 1356
Cutting Speed for Broaching……Page 1358
Spade Drill Geometry……Page 1359
Spade Drilling……Page 1361
Feed Rates……Page 1363
Power Consumption and Thrust for Spade Drilling……Page 1364
Trepanning……Page 1365
Speeds for Turning Unusual Materials……Page 1366
Power Constants……Page 1368
Tool Wear Factors……Page 1371
Metal Removal Rate……Page 1372
Work Material Factor……Page 1374
Chisel Edge Factors……Page 1375
Drill Diameter Factors……Page 1376
Equivalent Chip Thickness (ECT)……Page 1377
Tool-life Relationships……Page 1378
Taylor’s Equation……Page 1379
The Generalized Taylor Equation……Page 1380
The Colding Tool-life Relationship……Page 1381
The G- and H-curves……Page 1382
The V-ECT-T Graph and the Tool-life Envelope……Page 1383
Cutting Forces and Chip Flow Angle……Page 1384
Forces and Tool-life……Page 1386
Surface Finish Ra and Tool-life……Page 1388
Shape of Tool-life Relationships for Turning, Milling, Drilling and Grinding Operations – Overview……Page 1390
Minimum Cost……Page 1391
The Cost Function……Page 1392
Global Optimum……Page 1393
Optimization Models, Economic Tool-life when Feed is Constant……Page 1394
Global Optimum, Graphical Method……Page 1395
Global Optimum, Mathematical Method……Page 1396
Nomenclature……Page 1397
Scheduling of Tool Changes……Page 1398
Calculation of Cost of Cutting and Grinding Operations……Page 1399
Variation of Tooling and Total Cost With The Selection of Feeds and Speeds……Page 1402
Selection of Optimized Data……Page 1403
High-speed Machining – No Mystery……Page 1406
Chip Geometry in End and Face Milling……Page 1407
Formulas……Page 1409
Physics behind hm and ECT, Forces and Tool-life (T)……Page 1411
Feed Rate and Tool-life in High-speed Milling, Effect of ECT and Number of Teeth……Page 1412
Process Econometrics Comparison of High-speed and Slot End Milling……Page 1413
Cams for Threading……Page 1415
Cutting Speeds and Feeds……Page 1416
Spindle Revolutions……Page 1418
Practical Points on Cam and Tool Design……Page 1419
Stock for Screw Machine Products……Page 1420
Band Saw Blade Selection……Page 1422
Types of Blades……Page 1423
Band Saw Speed and Feed Rate……Page 1424
Bimetal Band Saw Speeds……Page 1425
Band Saw Blade Break-In……Page 1426
Cutting Fluids for Machining……Page 1427
Water-Miscible Fluids……Page 1428
Selection of Cutting Fluids for Different Materials and Operations……Page 1429
Cutting Fluids for Turning, Milling, Drilling and Tapping……Page 1430
Cutting Fluids Recommended for Machining Operations……Page 1431
Cutting Fluids for Machining Magnesium……Page 1432
Occupational Exposures to Metal Working Fluids (MWFs)……Page 1433
Fluid Selection, Use, and Application……Page 1434
Fluid Maintenance……Page 1435
Respiratory Protection……Page 1436
Machining Aluminum……Page 1437
Machining Magnesium……Page 1438
Machining Monel and Nickel Alloys……Page 1439
Formica Machining……Page 1440
Ultrasonic Machining……Page 1441
Wheel life T and Grinding Ratio……Page 1442
ECT in Grinding……Page 1443
Wheel Life Relationships and Optimum Grinding Data……Page 1444
Surface Finish, Ra……Page 1446
Spark-out Time……Page 1447
Grinding Cutting Forces, Torque and Power……Page 1448
Grinding Data Selection Including Wheel Life……Page 1449
Side Feed, Roughing and Finishing……Page 1450
Relative Grindability……Page 1451
Procedure to Determine Data……Page 1452
User Calibration of Recommendations……Page 1458
Optimization……Page 1460
Abrasive Materials……Page 1461
Grinding Wheel Structure……Page 1462
Sequence of Markings……Page 1463
The Selection of Grinding Wheels……Page 1464
Standard Shapes and Inch Size Ranges……Page 1465
Grinding Wheel Faces……Page 1472
Hardened Tool Steels……Page 1474
Constructional Steels……Page 1478
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) Grinding Wheels……Page 1479
Tools and Methods for Dressing and Truing……Page 1480
Guidelines for Truing and Dressing with Single-Point Diamonds……Page 1482
Diamond Truing and Crossfeeds……Page 1483
Minimum Sizes for Single-Point Truing Diamonds……Page 1484
Shapes of Diamond Wheels……Page 1485
Cross-sections and Designations……Page 1486
Designations for Location……Page 1487
Composition of Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride Wheels……Page 1488
Designation Letters……Page 1489
Abrasive Specification……Page 1490
Safety in Operating Grinding Wheels……Page 1491
Grinding Wheel Mounting……Page 1492
Safe Operating Speeds……Page 1493
Portable Grinders……Page 1494
Work Holding on Cylindrical Grinding Machines……Page 1496
Selection of Grinding Wheels for Cylindrical Grinding……Page 1497
Operational Data for Cylindrical Grinding……Page 1498
High-Speed Cylindrical Grinding……Page 1499
Cylindrical Grinding Troubles and Their Correction……Page 1500
Centerless Grinding……Page 1504
Centerless Grinding Troubles……Page 1505
Advantages of Surface Grinding……Page 1506
Principal Systems of Surface Grinding……Page 1507
Grinding Wheel Recommendations……Page 1509
Basic Process Data……Page 1510
Oilstones……Page 1511
Swing-Frame Grinding……Page 1513
Abrasive Cutting……Page 1514
Application of Abrasive Belts……Page 1515
Amount and Rate of Stock Removal……Page 1517
Factors for Use in Rotative Speed Formulas……Page 1518
Material for Laps……Page 1519
Grading Abrasives for Lapping……Page 1520
Grading Diamond Dust……Page 1521
Effect of Different Lapping Lubricants……Page 1522
Summary of Lapping Tests……Page 1523
Specifications……Page 1524
Cylindrical Knurling Tools……Page 1525
Formulas Applicable to Knurled Work……Page 1526
Tolerances……Page 1527
Concave Knurls……Page 1528
Machine Tool Accuracy……Page 1529
Degrees of Accuracy Expected with NC Machine Tools……Page 1532
Effect of Machine Accuracy on Part Tolerances……Page 1533
Numerical Control vs Manual Operations……Page 1538
Numerical Control Standards……Page 1539
Programmable Controller……Page 1542
Adaptive Control……Page 1546
Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)……Page 1547
Axis Nomenclature……Page 1548
Total Indicator Reading (TIR)……Page 1551
Programming……Page 1553
Format Classification……Page 1556
Preparatory Word (G-Word)……Page 1558
Miscellaneous Functions (M-Words)……Page 1562
Feed Function (F-Word)……Page 1563
Tool Function (T-Word)……Page 1564
Linear Interpolation……Page 1566
Circular Interpolation……Page 1567
Helical and Parabolic Interpolation……Page 1568
Subroutine……Page 1569
Parametric Expressions and Macros……Page 1570
Fixed (Canned) Cycles……Page 1571
Thread Cutting……Page 1575
APT Programming……Page 1576
APT Geometry Statements……Page 1578
Points……Page 1579
Lines……Page 1580
Circles……Page 1582
APT Motion Statements……Page 1583
Contouring Cutter Movements……Page 1584
Circles……Page 1585
Cutter Movement Surfaces……Page 1586
3-D Geometry……Page 1587
APT Postprocessor Statements……Page 1588
APT Example Program……Page 1590
APT for Turning……Page 1591
Indexable Insert Holders for NC……Page 1593
Insert Radius Compensation……Page 1594
Threading Tool Insert Radius……Page 1596
V-Flange Tool Shanks and Retention Knobs……Page 1597
Retention Knobs……Page 1598
CAD/CAM……Page 1599
Drawing Projections……Page 1601
Drawing Tips and Traps……Page 1602
Drawing Exchange Standards……Page 1606
DNC……Page 1608
Measuring Machinery Noise……Page 1609
Manufacturing Processes……Page 1610
Angular Clearance for Dies……Page 1613
Speeds and Pressures for Presses……Page 1614
Diameters of Shell Blanks……Page 1615
Drawn Cylindrical Shells……Page 1617
Depth and Diameter Reductions of Drawn Cylindrical Shells……Page 1618
Allowances for Bending Sheet Metal……Page 1619
Lengths of Straight Stock……Page 1620
Joining and Edging……Page 1623
Fine Blanking……Page 1628
Steel Rule Dies……Page 1630
Making of Steel Rule Dies……Page 1631
EDM Terms……Page 1633
The EDM Process……Page 1635
Electrical Control Adjustments……Page 1638
Electrode Materials……Page 1639
Types of Electrodes……Page 1640
Making Electrodes……Page 1641
Wire EDM……Page 1643
Alloy Cast Iron……Page 1644
Ductile Cast Iron……Page 1645
Carbon Steel Castings……Page 1646
Alloy Steel Castings……Page 1647
Heat-Resistant Steel Castings……Page 1648
Casting of Metals……Page 1649
Removal of Gates and Risers from Castings……Page 1651
Woods for Patterns……Page 1652
Metal Patterns……Page 1653
Die Casting……Page 1654
Alloys Used for Die Casting……Page 1655
Magnesium-Base Alloys……Page 1656
Die-Casting Bearing Metals in Place……Page 1657
Materials That May Be Cast……Page 1658
Investment Materials……Page 1659
Design for Investment Casting……Page 1660
The Basic Process……Page 1661
Factors Affecting Design of Briquetting Tools……Page 1663
Methods of Application……Page 1664
Filler Metals for Brazing Applications……Page 1666
Fluxes for Brazing……Page 1670
Brazing Symbol Application……Page 1671
Processes……Page 1673
Electrode Diameters……Page 1674
Shielding Gases for Short-Circuit Welding of Carbon Steels……Page 1675
Shielding Gases for GMAW Welding of Stainless Steels……Page 1676
Welding Controls……Page 1677
GMAW Spray Transfer for Metal Thicknesses 1 in (64 mm) and Up……Page 1679
GMAW Spray Transfer with 0.062-in (16-mm) Diameter Electrodes……Page 1680
Spray Transfer Voltage……Page 1681
All-Position, Gas-Shielded Electrodes……Page 1682
Selecting an FCAW Electrode……Page 1683
Settings for Gas-Shielded, All-Position, FCAW Electrodes……Page 1684
Welding with 0.052-in (1.3-mm) Diameter All-Position Electrodes……Page 1685
High-Deposition, All-Position Electrodes……Page 1686
Electrode Diameters and Deposition Rates……Page 1687
Shielding Gases and FCAW Electrodes……Page 1688
Shielded Metal Arc Welding……Page 1689
AWS E60XX Electrodes……Page 1690
AWS E70XX Electrodes……Page 1692
GTAW Welding Current……Page 1693
Selecting the Tungsten Electrode Type……Page 1695
Electrode and Current Selection……Page 1696
Current Ranges for EWP and EWZ GTAW Electrodes……Page 1697
Gases for Plasma Arc Welding……Page 1698
PAW Welding Equipment……Page 1699
Welding Aluminum……Page 1700
Plasma Arc Surface Coating……Page 1701
Arc Cutting……Page 1702
Cutting Steel Castings……Page 1703
High-Speed Steels……Page 1704
Cobalt-Base Alloys……Page 1705
Copper-Base Alloys……Page 1706
Nickel-Chromium-Boron Alloys……Page 1707
Electron-Beam (EB) Welding……Page 1708
Pipe Welding……Page 1709
Complete Weld Fusion……Page 1712
FCAW 5G (Non-rotated) MIG Welding of Thick-Walled, Carbon-steel Pipes, Procedure for Root Welding……Page 1713
FCAW 5G (Non-rotated) MIG Welding of Thick-Walled, Carbon-steel Pipes, Procedure for Fill and Cover Welds……Page 1714
FCAW 5G (Non-rotated) Welding of Thin-Walled Carbon Steel Pipes, Procedure for Root, Fill and Cover Pass Welding……Page 1715
American National Standard Weld and Welding Symbols……Page 1716
Basic Weld Symbols……Page 1717
Welding Codes, Rules, Regulations, and Specifications……Page 1718
Letter Designations for Welding……Page 1719
Amercan National Standard Welding Symbols……Page 1720
Nondestructive Testing Symbol Application……Page 1725
Laser Beams……Page 1727
Beam Focusing……Page 1728
Industrial Laser Systems……Page 1729
Laser Beam/Material Interaction……Page 1730
Cutting Metal with Lasers……Page 1731
Cut Edge Roughness……Page 1732
Heat-Affected Zones……Page 1733
Cutting of Nonmetals……Page 1734
Laser Welding Theory……Page 1735
Processing Gas……Page 1736
Percussive Drilling……Page 1737
Cladding with Lasers……Page 1738
Scanned-Beam Marking……Page 1739
Deburring and Producing a Radius on the Tooth Profile of Gears……Page 1740
Polishing Wheels……Page 1741
Speed of Polishing Wheels……Page 1744
Etching Fluids for Different Metals……Page 1745
Coloring of Copper Alloys……Page 1746
Anodizing Aluminum Alloys……Page 1747
Surface Coatings……Page 1748
Flame Spraying Process……Page 1756
Fasteners……Page 1757
Standard Wire Nails and Spikes……Page 1760
Wood Screws……Page 1761
General Design Considerations for Riveted Joints……Page 1762
Failure of Riveted Joints……Page 1763
Analysis of Joint Strength……Page 1764
Formulas for Riveted Joint Design……Page 1765
American National Standard Small Solid Rivets……Page 1767
Rivet Lengths for Forming Heads……Page 1768
British Standard Rivets for General Engineering……Page 1769
Button, Cone and Pan Head……Page 1770
Dimensions for Hold-On (Dolly Bar)……Page 1771
Coopers Rivets……Page 1772
Belt Rivets……Page 1773
British Standard Dimensions of Rivets (1/2 to 1 and 3/4 inch diameter)……Page 1775
Countersunk, Snap, Universal and Flat Head Rivets……Page 1776
Snap Head……Page 1777
Head Dimensions and Diameters of British Standard Rivets……Page 1778
Torque and Tension in Fasteners……Page 1779
Preload for Bolts In Shear……Page 1780
General Application of Preload……Page 1781
Coefficients of Friction for Bolts and Nuts……Page 1782
Methods of Applying and Measuring Preload……Page 1783
Elongation Measurement……Page 1784
Calculating Thread Tensile-Stress Area……Page 1786
Relation between Torque and Clamping Force……Page 1787
Obtaining Torque and Friction Coefficients……Page 1789
Torque-Tension Relationships……Page 1790
Grade Marks and Material Properties for Bolts and Screws……Page 1792
Working Strength of Bolts……Page 1793
Formulas for Stress Areas and Lengths of Engagement of Screw Threads……Page 1794
Lock Wire Procedure Detail……Page 1795
Differentiation between Bolt and Screw……Page 1796
Square and Hex Bolts, Screws, and Nuts……Page 1797
Heavy Hex Structural Bolts……Page 1798
Hex and Heavy Hex Bolts……Page 1799
Heavy Hex Screws……Page 1800
Square Lag Screws……Page 1801
Hex Lag Screws……Page 1802
Hex Nuts and Jam Nuts……Page 1803
Heavy Hex Flat Nuts……Page 1804
Heavy Hex Slotted Nuts……Page 1805
Square Nuts……Page 1806
Low and High Crown Nuts……Page 1807
T-Head Bolts……Page 1809
Round Head Fin Neck Bolts……Page 1810
Round Head Ribbed Neck Bolts……Page 1811
Countersunk Square Neck Bolts……Page 1812
Countersunk Bolts……Page 1813
Wrench Clearance Dimensions……Page 1814
Type A Plain Washers……Page 1816
ANSI Standard Plain Washers……Page 1817
Type B Plain Washers……Page 1818
American National Standard Helical Spring and Tooth Lock Washers ANSI/ASME B18.21.1-1994……Page 1819
Helical Spring Lock Washers……Page 1820
Tooth Lock Washers……Page 1822
Comparison with ISO Standards……Page 1824
Metric Hex Cap Screws……Page 1825
Metric Formed Hex Screws……Page 1826
Metric Screw and Bolt Diameters……Page 1827
Metric Hex Screws and Bolts……Page 1828
Metric Hex Lag Screws……Page 1829
Hex Flange Screws……Page 1830
Round Head Square Neck Bolts……Page 1831
Heavy Hex Structural Bolts……Page 1833
Materials and Mechanical Properties……Page 1834
Metric Screw and Bolt Thread Lengths……Page 1835
Metric Hex Lag Screws……Page 1836
Cap Screws, Screws Hex Flange……Page 1837
Round Head Square Neck Bolts……Page 1838
Socket Head Cap Screws……Page 1839
Clearance Holes……Page 1840
Drill and Counterbore Sizes……Page 1841
Drilled Head Dimensions……Page 1842
Socket Head Cap Screws……Page 1843
Metric Nuts……Page 1844
Materials and Mechanical Properties……Page 1845
Hex Nuts……Page 1846
Metric Nut Thread Series……Page 1847
Types of Metric Prevailing-Torque Type Nuts……Page 1848
Metric Nut Designation……Page 1850
Metric Plain Washer Designation……Page 1852
British Standard Screwed Studs……Page 1854
Whitworth (BSW) and Fine (BSF) Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws, and Nuts……Page 1855
ISO Metric Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts……Page 1858
Hexagon Bolts and Screws……Page 1859
Hexagon Nuts and Thin Nuts……Page 1860
Hexagon Slotted Nuts……Page 1861
Nominal Lengths……Page 1862
Bolt and Nut Combinations……Page 1864
British Standard Studs……Page 1865
British Standard Spring Washers……Page 1866
Double Coil Washers……Page 1867
British Standard for Metric Series Metal Washers……Page 1868
Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts……Page 1871
Slotted Flat Countersunk Head……Page 1872
Washer Head Machine Screws……Page 1874
Slotted Truss Head……Page 1875
Slotted Pan Head……Page 1876
Slotted Fillister……Page 1877
Slotted Oval Countersunk Head……Page 1878
Slotted Binding Head……Page 1879
ANSI Metric Machine Screws……Page 1880
Thread Lengths……Page 1881
Square Recessed Flat Countersunk Head……Page 1882
Oval Countersunk Head……Page 1883
Square Recessed Pan Head……Page 1884
Hex and Hex Flange Head……Page 1886
Nominal Screw Lengths……Page 1888
British Standard Machine Screws and Machine Screw Nuts, Metric Series……Page 1889
Slotted Countersunk Head……Page 1891
Slotted Raised Countersunk Head……Page 1892
Machine Screw Nuts……Page 1894
Slotted Pan Head……Page 1895
Slotted Cheese Head……Page 1896
British Unified Machine Screws and Nuts……Page 1898
Whitworth Machine Screws……Page 1901
Slotted Head Cap Screws……Page 1902
Slotted Round……Page 1903
Hexagon and Spline Socket……Page 1904
Drill and Counterbore Size……Page 1905
Hexagon and Spline Socket……Page 1906
Socket Head Shoulder Screws……Page 1908
Slotted Headless Set Screws……Page 1909
Screw Optional Cup Points……Page 1910
Hexagon and Spline Sockets……Page 1911
Square Head Set Screws……Page 1912
Hexagon and Spline Keys and Bits……Page 1914
British Standard Hexagon Socket Screws – Metric Series……Page 1916
Button Head Screws……Page 1920
Holding Power of Set-Screws……Page 1921
Bright Square Head Set-Screws……Page 1922
ANSI Standard Sheet Metal, Self-Tapping, and Metallic Drive Screws……Page 1923
Method of Designation……Page 1924
Self-Tapping Screws……Page 1925
Cross Recesses……Page 1926
Thread Forming Tapping Screws……Page 1927
B and BP Thread……Page 1928
Thread and Point Dimensions……Page 1929
D, F, G, and T Thread……Page 1930
Hole Sizes……Page 1931
Types AB, B, and BP Screws……Page 1932
Types D, F, G, and T Screws……Page 1934
Types BF and BT Screws……Page 1937
ANSI Standard Metric Thread Forming and Thread Cutting Tapping Screws……Page 1938
Threads and Points……Page 1939
Method of Designation……Page 1940
Nominal Screw Lengths……Page 1941
Material and Heat Treatment……Page 1942
Approximate Installation Hole Sizes for Metric Tapping Screws……Page 1943
Clean-Punched Hole Sizes……Page 1944
Types BF and BT Metric Thread……Page 1947
T-Slots……Page 1948
T-Bolts……Page 1949
T-Nuts……Page 1950
Cotter Pins……Page 1951
British Standard for Metric Series Dowel Pins……Page 1952
Steel Dowel Pins……Page 1953
Hardened Ground Machine Dowel Pins……Page 1954
American National Standard Hardened Ground Production Dowel Pins……Page 1955
American National Standard Unhardened Ground Dowel Pins……Page 1956
American National Standard Straight Pins……Page 1957
American National Standard Taper Pins……Page 1958
Drilling Specifications for Taper Pins…….Page 1959
American National Standard Grooved Pins…….Page 1961
American National Standard Grooved T-Head Cotter Pins and Round Head Grooved Drive Studs…….Page 1962
Grooved Drive Studs……Page 1965
American National Standard Spring Pins…….Page 1966
Coiled Type Spring Pins……Page 1967
Tapered Retaining Rings……Page 1968
Reduced Cross Section……Page 1971
Basic Internal Series……Page 1974
E-Type External Series……Page 1976
Heavy Duty Internal Spiral……Page 1981
Heavy Duty External Spiral……Page 1983
Dimensions of Retaining Rings……Page 1985
Inch Series Self-Locking……Page 1991
Retaining Ring Failure……Page 1993
Retaining Ring Standards……Page 1994
Wing Nuts……Page 1996
Threads for Wing Nuts……Page 1999
Wing and Thumb Screws……Page 2000
Types A and B Wing Screws……Page 2001
Types C and D Wing Screws……Page 2002
Types A and B Thumb Screws……Page 2003
Points for Wing and Thumb Screws……Page 2004
Threads and Threading……Page 2005
American National and Unified Screw Thread Forms……Page 2009
International Metric Thread System……Page 2010
Definitions of Screw Threads……Page 2011
Thread Form……Page 2016
Thread Series……Page 2017
Inch Screw Thread……Page 2018
Diameter-Pitch Combinations……Page 2019
Standard Series and Selected Combinations……Page 2020
Coarse-Thread Series……Page 2047
Fine-Thread Series……Page 2048
Constant Pitch Series……Page 2049
4 – Thread Series……Page 2050
6 – Thread Series……Page 2051
8 – Thread Series……Page 2052
12 – Thread Series……Page 2053
16 – Thread Series……Page 2054
20 – Thread Series……Page 2055
32 – Thread Series……Page 2056
Coated 60-deg Threads……Page 2057
Screw Thread Designation……Page 2059
Internal Thread Minor Diameter Tolerances……Page 2060
Design Forms of Threads……Page 2061
Design Thread Form……Page 2062
Formulas for Basic Dimensions……Page 2063
Limits of Size and Tolerances……Page 2064
Minimum Root Flats……Page 2065
British Standard Unified Screw Threads of UNJ Basic Profile……Page 2066
Definitions……Page 2067
M Crest and Root Form……Page 2068
Mechanical Fastener Coarse Pitch……Page 2069
M Profile Data……Page 2070
Limits and Fits for Metric Screw Threads – M Profile……Page 2071
Formulas for M Profile Screw Thread Limiting Dimensions……Page 2077
Standard M Profile Screw Threads, Limits of Size……Page 2081
Internal Metric Thread……Page 2082
External Metric Thread……Page 2084
Metric Screw Thread Designations……Page 2087
Diameter-Pitch Combinations……Page 2088
Comparison of ISO and DIN Standards……Page 2091
Trapezoidal Metric Thread……Page 2097
Basic Profile……Page 2098
Fundamental Deviations……Page 2099
Tolerance Classes……Page 2100
Designation……Page 2101
Fundamental Deviation Formulas……Page 2102
Limits and Tolerances……Page 2103
Limits and Tolerances for Finished Uncoated Threads……Page 2106
Diameter/Pitch Combinations……Page 2107
A Comparison of Maximum Metal Dimensions……Page 2108
General Purpose Acme Threads……Page 2109
Multiple Start Acme Threads……Page 2111
Formulas for Determining Diameters……Page 2112
Single-Start Screw Thread Data……Page 2115
Centralizing Acme Threads……Page 2116
Basic Dimensions……Page 2119
Formulas for Determining Diameters……Page 2121
Limiting Dimensions……Page 2122
Screw Thread Data……Page 2124
Pitch Diameter Tolerances……Page 2125
Tolerances and Allowances……Page 2126
American National Standard Stub Acme Threads……Page 2127
Formulas for Determining Diameters……Page 2128
Limiting Dimensions……Page 2129
Former 60-Degree Stub Thread……Page 2130
10-Degree Modified Square Thread:……Page 2132
Lowenherz or Löwenherz Thread……Page 2133
Pitch Combinations……Page 2134
Class 2 Tolerances……Page 2135
Example Showing Dimensions for a Typical Buttress Thread……Page 2139
Designation Sequence for Buttress Inch Screw Threads……Page 2140
Tolerance Formulas……Page 2141
Basic Dimensions……Page 2142
American National Standard Taper Pipe Threads……Page 2144
Basic Dimensions……Page 2145
Tolerances on Thread Elements……Page 2146
Limits on Crest and Root……Page 2147
Straight Pipe Threads for Mechanical Joints, NPSM, NPSL, and NPSH……Page 2148
Limitation of Assembly……Page 2150
Special Dryseal Threads……Page 2152
British Standard Pipe Threads for Non-pressure-tight Joints……Page 2153
British Standard Pipe Threads for Pressure-tight Joints……Page 2154
Limits of Size……Page 2155
ANSI Standard Hose Coupling Screw Threads……Page 2156
Hose Coupling Threads……Page 2157
American National Fire Hose Connection Screw Thread……Page 2158
Basic Dimensions……Page 2159
Limits of Size……Page 2160
Interference-Fit Threads……Page 2161
Design and Application Data for Class 5 Interference-Fit Threads……Page 2162
Internal Thread Dimensions……Page 2163
Engagement Lengths……Page 2164
Tolerances for Coarse Thread……Page 2165
Variations in Lead and Diameter……Page 2166
SAE Spark-Plug Screw Threads……Page 2167
Lamp Base and Socket Shell Threads……Page 2168
British Association Standard Thread (BA)……Page 2169
American Microscope Objective Thread (AMO)……Page 2170
Swiss Screw Thread……Page 2173
Casing Thread……Page 2174
Harvey Grip Thread……Page 2175
Sellers Screw Thread……Page 2176
Measuring Screw Thread Pitch Diameters by Thread Micrometers……Page 2177
Measuring Screw Threads by Three-wire Method……Page 2178
Accuracy of Formulas for Checking Pitch Diameters by Three-Wire Method……Page 2179
Wire Sizes for Checking Pitch Diameters of Screw Threads……Page 2180
Approximate Three-Wire Formulas That Do Not Compensate for Lead Angle……Page 2181
Notation Used in Formulas for Checking Pitch Diameters by Three-Wire Method……Page 2182
Why Small Thread Angle Affects Accuracy of Three-Wire Measurement……Page 2183
Buckingham Simplified Formula which Includes Effect of Lead Angle……Page 2185
Buckingham Exact Involute Helicoid Formula Applied to Screw Threads……Page 2187
Accuracy of Formulas (3) and (4) Compared……Page 2188
Three-Wire Method for Checking Thickness of Acme Threads……Page 2189
Testing Angle of Thread by Three-Wire Method……Page 2190
Best Wire Diameters……Page 2191
Measuring Taper Screw Threads by Three-Wire Method……Page 2193
Buttress Threads……Page 2194
American National Standard for Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads ANSI/ASME B1.2-1983 (R2001)……Page 2195
Thread Gage Tolerances……Page 2198
Tolerances for Plain Cylindrical Gages……Page 2200
Formulas for Limits……Page 2202
Selection of Taps……Page 2203
Tapping Specific Materials……Page 2205
Diameter of Tap Drill……Page 2208
Hole Size Limits……Page 2209
Tap Drill Sizes……Page 2217
Factors Influencing Minor Diameter Tolerances of Tapped Holes……Page 2218
Recommended Hole Sizes before Tapping……Page 2219
Hole Sizes for Tapping Unified Miniature Screw Threads……Page 2220
ISO Metric Threads……Page 2221
British Standard Clearance Holes for Metric Bolts and Screws……Page 2222
Cold Form Tapping……Page 2223
Core Hole Sizes……Page 2224
Power for Pipe Taps……Page 2225
High-Speed CNC Tapping……Page 2226
Combined Drilling and Tapping……Page 2227
Relief Angles for Single-Point Thread Cutting Tools……Page 2228
Fractional Threads……Page 2230
Change Gears for Fractional Ratios……Page 2231
Modifying the Quick-Change Gearbox Output……Page 2232
Lathe Change-gears……Page 2234
Relieving Helical-Fluted Hobs……Page 2235
Rate of Production……Page 2236
Thread Rolling in Automatic Screw Machines……Page 2237
Kind of Thread on Roll and Its Shape……Page 2238
Speeds and Feeds for Thread Rolling……Page 2239
Thread Grinding with Single-Edge Wheel……Page 2241
Multi-ribbed Wheels……Page 2242
Wheel and Work Rotation……Page 2243
Wheel Hardness or Grade……Page 2244
Thread Grinding by Centerless Method……Page 2245
Multiple-cutter Method……Page 2246
Classes of Work for Thread Milling Machines……Page 2247
Lead of a Milling Machine……Page 2248
Helix……Page 2249
Helix Angles……Page 2250
Change Gears for Different Leads……Page 2251
Lead of Helix……Page 2261
Change Gears and Angles……Page 2264
Lead of Tooth Given Pitch Radius and Helix Angle……Page 2266
Simple Indexing……Page 2267
Compound Indexing……Page 2268
Simple and Compound Indexing……Page 2269
Tables for Angular Indexing……Page 2274
Angular Values of One-Hole Moves for B&S and Cincinnati Index Plates……Page 2275
Accurate Angular Indexing……Page 2276
Approximate Indexing for Small Angles……Page 2291
Finding Ratio of Gearing for Differential Indexing……Page 2292
When Compound Gearing Is Required……Page 2293
To Check the Number of Divisions Obtained with a Given Gear Ratio and Index Movement……Page 2294
Simple and Differential Indexing……Page 2295
Indexing Movements Plates……Page 2301
Indexing Movements for High Numbers……Page 2302
Block or Multiple Indexing for Gear Cutting……Page 2305
Indexing Movements for 60-Tooth……Page 2307
Linear Indexing Movements……Page 2308
Counter Milling……Page 2309
Gears, Splines and Cams……Page 2310
Definitions of Gear Terms……Page 2313
Properties of the Involute Curve……Page 2317
Pitch Diameters Obtained with Diametral Pitch System……Page 2318
Formulas for Spur Gears……Page 2319
American National Standard Coarse Pitch Spur Gear Tooth Forms……Page 2320
Gear Tooth Parts……Page 2322
American National Standard Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Involute Spur and Helical Gears……Page 2323
Other American Spur Gear Standards……Page 2324
Basic Gear Dimensions……Page 2325
Formulas for Outside and Root Diameters……Page 2326
Gears for Given Center Distance and Ratio……Page 2327
Circular Thickness of Tooth when Outside Diameter is Standard……Page 2329
Chordal Thickness of Tooth when Outside Diameter is Standard……Page 2330
Chordal Addendum……Page 2333
Enlarged Pinion……Page 2334
Caliper Measurement of Gear Tooth……Page 2335
Increasing Pinion Diameter to Avoid Undercut or Interference……Page 2336
Finishing Gear Milling Cutters……Page 2338
Dimensions Required……Page 2339
Tooth Proportions Pinions……Page 2340
Enlarged Center-distance System for Enlarged Pinions……Page 2342
Contact Diameter……Page 2343
Lowest Point of Single Tooth Contact……Page 2344
True Involute Form Diameter……Page 2345
Profile Checker Settings……Page 2346
Gear Blanks for Fine-pitch Gears……Page 2348
Specifying Spur and Helical Gear Data on Drawings……Page 2349
Determining Proper Amount of Backlash……Page 2351
Helical, and Herringbone Gearing……Page 2352
Bevel and Hypoid Gears……Page 2353
Control of Backlash Allowances in Production……Page 2354
Measurement of Backlash……Page 2355
Allowance and Tolerance……Page 2356
Pressure for Composite Checking of Fine-Pitch Gears……Page 2357
Relative Sizes of Internal Gear and Pinion……Page 2358
Rules for Internal Gears……Page 2359
British Standard For Spur and Helical Gears……Page 2360
BS 436, Part 3:1986 “Spur and Helical Gears”……Page 2361
ISO TC/600……Page 2362
Standards Nomenclature……Page 2363
Hypoid Gears……Page 2364
Types of Bevel Gears……Page 2365
Notes on the Design of Bevel Gear Blanks……Page 2367
Cutting Bevel Gear Teeth……Page 2368
Formulas for Dimensions of Milled Bevel Gears……Page 2369
Numbers of Formed Cutters……Page 2373
Use of Table for Selecting Formed Cutters for Milling Bevel Gears……Page 2375
Offset of Cutter for Milling Bevel Gears……Page 2376
Adjusting the Gear Blank for Milling……Page 2377
Steels Used for Bevel Gear……Page 2378
American Standard Design for Fine-pitch Worm Gearing (ANSI B69-1977)……Page 2379
Formulas for Wormgears……Page 2380
Multi-thread Worms……Page 2382
Determining Direction of Thrust……Page 2383
Pitch of Cutter to be Used……Page 2384
Shafts Parallel, Center Distance Approximate……Page 2385
Shafts Parallel, Center Distance Exact……Page 2386
Shafts at Right Angles, Center Distance Approx……Page 2387
Shafts at Right Angles, Center Distance Exact……Page 2388
Shafts at Right Angles, Any Ratio, Helix Angle for Minimum Center Distance……Page 2389
Shafts at Any Angle, Center Distance Approx……Page 2390
Shafts at Any Angle, Center Distance Exact……Page 2391
Selecting Cutter for Milling Helical Gears……Page 2392
Milling the Helical Teeth……Page 2393
American National Standard Fine-Pitch Teeth For Helical Gears……Page 2394
Center Distance at Which Modified Mating Helical Gears Will Mesh with no Backlash……Page 2395
Change-gears for Helical Gear Hobbing……Page 2396
Elliptic Gears……Page 2398
Planetary Bevel Gears……Page 2399
Ratios of Planetary or Epicyclic Gearing……Page 2400
Types of Ratchet Gearing……Page 2403
Pitch of Ratchet Wheel Teeth……Page 2404
German Standard Tooth……Page 2405
Tooth Dimensions……Page 2406
Rules for Module System……Page 2407
Equivalent Diametral Pitches, Circular Pitches……Page 2408
Measurements for Checking External Spur Gears when Wire Diameter Equals 1.728 Divided by Diametral Pitch……Page 2409
Measurement Over Wires……Page 2410
Checking Internal Spur Gear……Page 2414
Measurements for Checking External Spur Gears when Wire Diameter Equals 1.68 Divided by Diametral Pitch……Page 2418
Measurements for Checking Helical Gears using Wires or Balls……Page 2423
Checking Spur Gear Size by Chordal Measurement Over Two or More Teeth……Page 2424
Formula for Chordal Dimension M……Page 2426
Checking Enlarged Pinions by Measuring Over Pins or Wires……Page 2427
Heat-Treatment that Permits Machining……Page 2428
Forged and Rolled Alloy Steels for Gears……Page 2429
Effect of Alloying Metals on Gear Steels……Page 2430
Bronze and Brass Gear Castings……Page 2431
Non-metallic Gearing……Page 2433
Safe Working Stresses……Page 2434
Keyway Stresses for Non-metallic Gears……Page 2435
Invention of Gear Teeth……Page 2436
Spur Gear……Page 2437
Helical Gears……Page 2439
American National Standard Involute Splines……Page 2440
Terms Applied to Involute Splines……Page 2441
Types of Involute Spline……Page 2442
Symbols……Page 2444
Formulas for Basic Dimensions……Page 2445
Classes of Tolerances……Page 2446
Maximum Tolerances……Page 2447
Fillets and Chamfers……Page 2448
Effective and Actual Dimensions……Page 2449
Use of Effective and Actual Dimensions……Page 2450
Interchangeability……Page 2451
Estimating Key and Spline Sizes and Lengths……Page 2453
Formulas for Torque Capacity of Involute Splines……Page 2454
Load Distribution Factors……Page 2455
Allowable Shear Stresses……Page 2456
Crowned Splines for Large Misalignments……Page 2457
Involute Spline Inspection Methods……Page 2458
Measurements with Pins……Page 2459
American National Standard Metric Module Splines……Page 2460
Comparison of Symbols……Page 2462
Formulas for Dimensions and Tolerances……Page 2463
Tooth Thickness Total Tolerance,……Page 2464
Selected Fit Classes……Page 2465
British Standard Striaght Splines……Page 2466
SAE Standard Spline Fittings……Page 2467
Standard Spline Fittings……Page 2468
Dimensions of SAE Standard Splines……Page 2469
Polygon-Type Shaft Connections……Page 2470
Cam Follower Systems……Page 2472
Displacement Diagrams……Page 2473
Displacement Diagram Synthesis……Page 2476
Cam Profile Determination……Page 2478
Modified Constant Velocity Cam……Page 2479
Pressure Angle and Radius of Curvature……Page 2481
Determination of Cam Size for a Radial or an Offset Translating Follower……Page 2482
Determination of Cam Size for Swinging Roller Follower……Page 2484
Formulas for Calculating Pressure Angles……Page 2485
Radius of Curvature……Page 2487
Cam Forces, Contact Stresses, and Materials……Page 2489
Calculation of Contact Stresses……Page 2494
Shape of Rolls for Cylinder Cams……Page 2495
Cam Milling……Page 2496
Simple Method for Cutting Uniform Motion Cams……Page 2497
Machine Elements……Page 2498
Types of Journal Bearings……Page 2502
Modes of Bearing Operation……Page 2505
Methods of Sealing……Page 2507
Hardness and Surface Finish……Page 2509
Methods of Lubrication……Page 2510
Lubricant Selection……Page 2511
Greases and Solid Lubricants……Page 2513
Grooving and Oil Feeding……Page 2514
Heat Radiating Capacity……Page 2515
Journal Bearing Design Notation……Page 2516
Journal Bearing Lubrication Analysis……Page 2517
Sleeve Bearing Pressures……Page 2518
Use of Lubrication Analysis……Page 2523
Thrust Bearings……Page 2526
Thrust Bearing Design Notation……Page 2527
Flat Plate Thrust Bearing Design……Page 2528
Step Thrust Bearing Design……Page 2533
Tapered Land Thrust Bearing Design……Page 2535
Tilting Pad Thrust Bearing Design……Page 2540
Properties of Bearing Materials……Page 2544
Bearing and Bushing Alloys……Page 2545
Babbitt or White Metal Alloys……Page 2546
Copper-Lead……Page 2547
Cast Iron……Page 2548
Plastics Bearings……Page 2549
Carbon-Graphite……Page 2550
Copper- and Iron-Base Sintered Bearings……Page 2551
Types of Anti-friction Bearings……Page 2553
Types of Ball Bearings……Page 2554
Types of Roller Bearings……Page 2556
Types of Ball and Roller Thrust Bearings……Page 2557
Types of Needle Bearings……Page 2558
Plastics Bearings……Page 2560
Standard Method of Bearing Designation……Page 2561
Radial Needle Roller Bearings……Page 2562
Ball and Roller Bearings……Page 2563
Thrust Bearings……Page 2567
Needle Roller Bearings,……Page 2569
Metric Radial Ball and Roller Bearing Shaft and Housing Fits……Page 2570
Needle Roller Bearing Fitting and Mounting Practice……Page 2575
Mountings for Precision and Quiet-running Applications……Page 2578
Squareness and Alignment……Page 2579
Soft Metal and Resilient Housings……Page 2580
Clamping and Retaining Methods……Page 2581
Friction Losses in Rolling Element Bearings……Page 2586
Selection of Ball and Roller Bearings……Page 2587
Method of Lubrication……Page 2588
Radial and Axial Clearance……Page 2589
General Bearing Handling Precautions……Page 2590
Ball and Roller Bearing Life……Page 2591
Limitations for Ball Bearings……Page 2592
Ball Bearing Rating Life……Page 2593
Roller Bearing Types Covered……Page 2597
Roller Bearing Rating Life……Page 2598
Life Adjustment Factors……Page 2602
Ball Bearing Static Load Rating……Page 2603
Roller Bearing Static Equivalent Load……Page 2606
Ordering Specifications……Page 2608
Preferred Ball Gages……Page 2609
Preferred Ball Sizes……Page 2612
Number of Metal Balls per Pound……Page 2614
Number of Metal Balls per Kilogram……Page 2615
Lubricating Oils……Page 2616
Viscosity……Page 2617
Application of Lubricating Oils……Page 2618
Gravity Lubrication Systems……Page 2619
Oil Mist Systems……Page 2620
Types of Grease……Page 2621
Relubricating with Grease……Page 2622
Anti-friction Bearing Lubrication……Page 2623
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication……Page 2626
Viscosity-pressure relationship……Page 2629
Safety Flange Couplings……Page 2630
Double-cone Clamping Couplings……Page 2631
The Universal Joint……Page 2632
Friction Clutches……Page 2633
Power Transmitted by Disk Clutches……Page 2634
Formulas for Cone Clutches……Page 2635
Angle of Cone……Page 2636
Wrapped-spring Clutches……Page 2637
Positive Clutches……Page 2638
Cutting Clutch Teeth……Page 2639
Formulas for Band Brakes……Page 2642
Calculating Horsepower from Dynamometer Tests……Page 2644
Horsepower of Friction Wheels……Page 2646
Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter……Page 2647
Plain and Gib Head Keys……Page 2650
ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys and Keyseats……Page 2652
Woodruff Keys……Page 2653
Keyseat Dimensions……Page 2655
British Standard Metric Keys and Keyways……Page 2658
Preferred Lengths of Metric Keys……Page 2664
Parallel Keys, Keyways, and Keybars……Page 2665
Taper Keys and Keyways,……Page 2667
Dimensions and Tolerances of British Woodruff Keys and Keyways……Page 2669
Preferred Lengths of Plain (Parallel or Taper) and Gib-head Keys……Page 2671
Pulley Center Distances and Belt Lengths……Page 2672
Pulley Diameters in Compound Drive……Page 2673
Length of Belt Traversing Three Pulleys……Page 2674
Flat Belting……Page 2675
Flat Belt Pulleys……Page 2676
Narrow V-Belts ANSI/RMA IP-22……Page 2677
Standard Effective Lengths……Page 2678
Sheave and Groove Dimensions……Page 2679
Sheave Outside Diameters……Page 2681
Cross Section Correction Factors……Page 2682
Classical V-Belts ANSI/RMA IP-20……Page 2683
Standard Datum Length……Page 2684
Sheave and Groove Dimensions……Page 2685
Length Correction Factors……Page 2689
Double V-Belts ANSI/RMA IP-21……Page 2690
Sheave and Groove Dimensions……Page 2691
Terms for Double V-belt Calculations……Page 2694
Allowable Tight Side Tension……Page 2695
Belt Size Designation……Page 2698
V-Belt Standard Dimensions……Page 2699
Sheave and Groove Dimensions……Page 2700
Nominal Dimensions……Page 2701
Sheave and Groove Dimensions……Page 2702
Standard Effective Lengths……Page 2704
Arc of Contact Correction Factors……Page 2705
Normal Variable-Speed Belt Dimensions……Page 2706
Standard Belt Lengths……Page 2707
Sheave and Groove Dimensions……Page 2708
Speed Ratio Correction Factors……Page 2711
Length Correction Factors……Page 2712
Belt Storage and Handling……Page 2713
Service Factors for V-Belts……Page 2715
Synchronous Belts ANSI/RMA IP-24……Page 2716
Service Factors for Synchronous Belt Drives……Page 2717
Pulley and Flange Dimensions……Page 2718
Pitch Lengths and Tolerances……Page 2719
Widths and Tolerances……Page 2720
Pulley Diameters……Page 2721
Pulley Tolerances……Page 2722
Teeth in Mesh Factor……Page 2723
Belt Width Factor……Page 2724
Types of Roller Chains……Page 2725
Roller Chain Parts……Page 2726
ANSI Roller Chain Dimensions……Page 2727
Types of Sprockets……Page 2728
Straight and Bent Link Plate……Page 2729
Sprocket Diameters……Page 2730
Tolerances on the Caliper Diameters……Page 2732
Profile Dimension……Page 2733
Proportions of Single-Strand and Multiple-Strand Cast Roller Chain Sprockets……Page 2734
Selection of Chain and Sprockets……Page 2735
Center Distance between Sprockets……Page 2740
Length of Driving Chain……Page 2741
Tooth Form for Roller Chain……Page 2742
Standard Hob Design……Page 2743
Standard Space Cutters……Page 2744
Sprocket Materials……Page 2745
Roller Chain Drive Service Factors……Page 2746
Installation and Alignment……Page 2747
Example of Roller Chain Drive Design Procedure……Page 2748
Design Letters of Polyphase Integral-horsepower Motors……Page 2749
Locked-rotor Torque……Page 2750
Standard Direction of Motor Rotation……Page 2751
Characteristics of Series-wound Direct-Current Motors……Page 2752
Adjustable-voltage Shunt-wound Motor Drive……Page 2753
Operating Characteristics of Squirrel-cage Induction Motors……Page 2754
Synchronous Motors……Page 2755
Characteristics of Single-Phase Alternating-Current Motors……Page 2756
Speed, Horsepower, Torque and Inertia Requirements……Page 2757
Space Limitations in Motor Selection……Page 2758
Motors Exposed to Injurious Conditions……Page 2759
Applications of DC Motors,……Page 2760
Polyphase AC Motors……Page 2761
Monthly or Bimonthly Inspection……Page 2762
Annual or Biannual Inspection……Page 2763
Types of Adhesives……Page 2764
Types of Adhesives……Page 2765
Types of Adhesives……Page 2766
Retaining Compounds……Page 2767
Types of Sealants……Page 2768
Tapered Pipe-thread Sealing……Page 2769
Anaerobic Pipe Sealants……Page 2770
Open-Loop Systems……Page 2771
Closed-Loop Systems……Page 2772
Control Function……Page 2774
Mechanical Stiffness……Page 2775
Electric Motors……Page 2776
Gearing……Page 2777
Feedback Transducers……Page 2778
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems……Page 2779
Hydraulic Fluids……Page 2780
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Control Systems……Page 2781
Hydraulic Control Systems……Page 2782
Proportional Control Systems……Page 2783
Pneumatic Systems……Page 2784
O-Rings……Page 2786
Gland Depth……Page 2787
Clearance and Groove Sizes……Page 2789
Typical O-Ring Compounds……Page 2790
Ring Materials……Page 2791
Hot-Rolled Structural Steel……Page 2792
Steel Wide-Flange……Page 2793
Steel S Sections……Page 2797
Steel Channels……Page 2798
Steel Angles with Equal Legs……Page 2799
Angles with Unequal Legs……Page 2800
Aluminum Structural Shapes……Page 2802
Gages for Wall Thicknesses of Tubing……Page 2803
Properties of Perforated Materials……Page 2805
Sheet-Metal Gages……Page 2806
Metric Sizes for Flat Metal Products……Page 2807
Preferred Metric Thicknesses……Page 2808
Letter Drill Sizes……Page 2809
Wrought Steel Pipe……Page 2810
Weights and Dimensions……Page 2811
Properties of Schedule Pipe……Page 2813
Volume of Flow……Page 2815
Dimensions and Weights……Page 2816
Properties and Uses……Page 2817
Temperature-Correction Factors……Page 2818
Definitions of Pipe Fittings……Page 2819
Measuring Units……Page 2823
ANSI Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms……Page 2824
Mathematical Signs and Commonly Used Abbreviations……Page 2826
Letter Symbols for Mechanics and Time-Related Phenomena……Page 2827
The International System of Units (SI)……Page 2828
Binary Multiples……Page 2830
Fundamental Constants……Page 2832
Linear Measure Conversion Factors……Page 2833
Inches to Feet and Yards Conversion……Page 2834
Fractional Inches to Decimal Feet……Page 2835
Fractional Inch to Decimal Inch and Millimeter……Page 2836
Feet to Millimeters Conversion……Page 2837
Fractional Inches to Millimeters Conversion……Page 2838
Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters Conversion……Page 2840
Millimeters to Inches Conversion……Page 2842
Microinches to Micrometers (microns) Conversion……Page 2844
Micrometers (microns) to Microinches Conversion……Page 2845
Kilometers to Miles Conversion……Page 2846
Square Measure and Conversion Factors……Page 2847
Square Meters to Square Feet Conversion……Page 2848
Hectares to Acres Conversion……Page 2849
Cubic Measure and Conversion Factors……Page 2850
Cubic Centimeres to Cubic Inches Conversion……Page 2851
Liters to Cubic Feet Conversion……Page 2852
Liters to U.S. Gallons Conversion……Page 2853
Pitot Tube……Page 2854
Pounds to Kilograms Conversion……Page 2855
Density Conversion Factors……Page 2856
Kilograms per Cubic Meter to Pounds per Cubic Foot Conversion……Page 2857
Kilogram per Square Centimeter to Pounds per Square Inch Conversion……Page 2858
Kilopascals to Pounds Per Square Inch Conversion……Page 2859
Force Conversion Factors……Page 2860
Pound-Inches to Newton-Meters Conversion……Page 2861
Heat Conversion Factors……Page 2862
Kilojoules to British Thermal Units……Page 2863
Joules to Foot-Pounds Conversion……Page 2864
Energy and Work Conversion Factors……Page 2865
Fuel Oil, Coal and Gas Equivalents……Page 2866
Measures of the Quantity of Thermal Energy……Page 2867
Temperature Conversion……Page 2868
Additional Viscosity Conversion Factors……Page 2870
Ohm’s Law……Page 2871
Machinery’s Handbook 27th Edition……Page 2872
B……Page 2874
D……Page 2875
H……Page 2876
M……Page 2877
N……Page 2878
P……Page 2879
S……Page 2880
T……Page 2882
Z……Page 2883
B……Page 2884
E……Page 2885
M……Page 2886
S……Page 2887
W……Page 2888
A……Page 2889
B……Page 2907
C……Page 2908
D……Page 2914
F……Page 2915
I……Page 2916
L……Page 2917
M……Page 2918
N……Page 2919
O……Page 2920
P……Page 2921
S……Page 2923
T……Page 2932
W……Page 2934
Z……Page 2935
A……Page 2936
B……Page 2941
C……Page 2949
D……Page 2958
E……Page 2961
F……Page 2963
G……Page 2967
H……Page 2972
I……Page 2975
K……Page 2978
L……Page 2979
M……Page 2982
N……Page 2989
O……Page 2990
P……Page 2991
R……Page 2996
S……Page 2999
T……Page 3011
V……Page 3019
W……Page 3020
Z……Page 3024
Additional Only on the CD……Page 3025
0 Degrees……Page 3030
5 Degrees……Page 3035
10 Degrees……Page 3040
15 Degrees……Page 3045
20 Degrees……Page 3050
25 Degrees……Page 3055
30 Degrees……Page 3060
35 Degrees……Page 3065
40 Degrees……Page 3070
44 Degrees……Page 3074
2.5-inch Sine-Bar……Page 3075
3-inch Sine-Bar……Page 3082
5-inch Sine-Bar……Page 3089
10-inch Sine-Bar……Page 3096
75-mm Sine-Bar……Page 3103
125-mm Sine-Bar……Page 3110
Squares of Numbers from 1 to 999……Page 3117
Squares of Mixed Numbers from 1/64 to 6, by 64ths……Page 3119
Squares of Mixed Numbers from 6 1/64 to 12, by 64ths……Page 3120
Squares and Cubes of Fractions……Page 3121
Fractions of Pi……Page 3127
From 1 to 50……Page 3128
From 51 to 100……Page 3129
From 101 to 150……Page 3130
From 151 to 200……Page 3131
From 201 to 250……Page 3132
From 251 to 300……Page 3133
From 301 to 350……Page 3134
From 351 to 400……Page 3135
From 401 to 450……Page 3136
From 451 to 500……Page 3137
From 501 to 550……Page 3138
From 551 to 600……Page 3139
From 601 to 650……Page 3140
From 651 to 700……Page 3141
From 701 to 750……Page 3142
From 751 to 800……Page 3143
From 801 to 850……Page 3144
From 851 to 900……Page 3145
From 901 to 950……Page 3146
From 951 to 1000……Page 3147
From 1001 to 1050……Page 3148
From 1051 to 1100……Page 3149
From 1101 to 1150……Page 3150
From 1151 to 1200……Page 3151
From 1201 to 1250……Page 3152
From 1251 to 1300……Page 3153
From 1301 to 1350……Page 3154
From 1351 to 1400……Page 3155
From 1401 to 1450……Page 3156
From 1451 to 1500……Page 3157
From 1501 to 1550……Page 3158
From 1551 to 1600……Page 3159
From 1601 to 1650……Page 3160
From 1651 to 1700……Page 3161
From 1701 to 1750……Page 3162
From 1751 to 1800……Page 3163
From 1801 to 1850……Page 3164
From 1851 to 1900……Page 3165
From 1901 to 1950……Page 3166
From 1951 to 2000……Page 3167
Fractions and Whole Numbers……Page 3168
Common Fractions……Page 3169
Area and Volume of Spheres……Page 3171
Circumference and Area of Circles……Page 3174
Decimal Equivalents, Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, and Logarithms of Fractions……Page 3186
Natural Cement……Page 3187
Reinforced Concrete……Page 3188
Lutes and Cements……Page 3189
Gasket Compositions……Page 3190
Elastic Cements……Page 3191
Adhesives Bonding……Page 3192
Sealants……Page 3196
To Produce a Rich Gold Color……Page 3198
Niter Process of Bluing Steel……Page 3199
Gun Metal Finish……Page 3200
To Produce Gray Colors……Page 3201
Etching Fluids for Different Metals……Page 3202
Etching Ornamental Designs in Metal……Page 3203
Mold for Thermit Welding……Page 3205
Pre-heating – Making a Weld……Page 3206
High- and Low-pressure Torches……Page 3207
Symbols for Air Conditioning……Page 3208
Symbols for Heating and Ventilation……Page 3209
Symbols for Valves……Page 3210
Symbols for Piping……Page 3211
Symbols for Pipe Fittings……Page 3212
Power for Operating Steam Hammers……Page 3214
Board Drop-hammers……Page 3215
Forging Presses……Page 3216
The Cold Swaging Process……Page 3217
Efficiency of Forging Hammers……Page 3218
Concrete Foundations……Page 3220
Machine and Forge Shop Floor Materials……Page 3221
Floors for Forge Shops……Page 3222
Obtaining Weight of Forging from Lead Proof……Page 3223
Cooling the Heated Die……Page 3224
Standard Tolerances for Forgings……Page 3225
Fluxes for Welding……Page 3228
Machine Welding……Page 3229
Rules and Formulas for Hydraulic Press Calculations……Page 3230
Standard Silent Chain Designation……Page 3232
Silent Chain Sprocket Profiles and Chain Widths……Page 3233
Sprocket Hub Dimensions……Page 3243
Cutting Silent Chain Sprocket Teeth……Page 3247
Maximum Ratios for Silent Chain Drives……Page 3249
Installation of Silent Chain Drives……Page 3250
Horsepower Ratings Per Inch of Chain Width for Silent Chain Drives – 1982……Page 3251
Basic Gear Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears……Page 3255
Contact Ratios……Page 3257
Calculating the Pitting Resistance Geometry Factor, I……Page 3258
Bending Strength Geometry Factor, J……Page 3259
Pressure Angle at Load Application Point……Page 3260
Generating-Rack Shift Coefficient……Page 3261
Using the Tables……Page 3262
Strength Calculations for Spur and Helical Gears……Page 3271
Additional Considerations……Page 3272
Relationship of Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength Ratings……Page 3273
Pitting Resistance……Page 3274
Symbols Used in Gear Rating Equations……Page 3275
Contact Load Factor, K……Page 3277
Allowable Bending Stress Number……Page 3278
Transmitted Tangential Load, Wt……Page 3279
Dynamic Factors, Cv and Kd……Page 3280
Service Factors, CSF and KSF……Page 3282
Load Distribution Factors, Cm and Km……Page 3283
Allowable Stress Numbers, Sac and Sat……Page 3285
Case Depth of Surface-Hardened Gears……Page 3286
Hardness Ratio Factor CH……Page 3287
Life Factors CL and KL……Page 3288
Temperature Factors CT and KT……Page 3289
American Standard Design for Fine-pitch Worm Gearing (ANSI B6.9-1977)……Page 3291
Formulas for Proportions of Worms and Wormgears……Page 3292
Proportions of Fine-pitch Worms and Wormgears……Page 3293
Multi-thread Worms……Page 3301
Ratio for Obtaining “Hunting Tooth” Action……Page 3303
Addendum and Dedendum……Page 3304
Designing Worm Gearing Relative to Center Distance and Ratio……Page 3305
Efficiency of Worm Gearing……Page 3306
Thermal Rating……Page 3310
Double-enveloping Worm Gearing……Page 3311
Wormgear Hobs……Page 3313
Helical Fluted Hobs……Page 3314
Gear Shaving……Page 3316
Inconel……Page 3317
Metallography……Page 3318
Monel……Page 3319
Nichrome……Page 3320
Duronze……Page 3321
Wood’s Metal……Page 3322
Lumber Water Content……Page 3323
Wheatstone Bridge……Page 3324
Tooth-rest for Cutter Grinding……Page 3325
Saddle……Page 3326
Transfer Machines……Page 3327
Rivets, Cold Formed……Page 3328
History of Briggs Pipe Thread (NPT)……Page 3329
Thread Grinding……Page 3331
Thread-Cutting Methods……Page 3332
Taps……Page 3333
Percentages of Radial and Thrust Loads……Page 3334
Ball Bearing Lubrication……Page 3335
Engine Governors……Page 3336
Sensitiveness and Stability of Governors……Page 3337
Rope Splicing……Page 3338
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