Jia-ming Liu0521551951, 9780521551953, 9780511081972
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Half-title……Page 3
Title……Page 5
Copyright……Page 6
Dedication……Page 7
Contents……Page 9
Figures……Page 14
Tables……Page 28
Preface……Page 29
Guiding principles……Page 30
Scope and structure……Page 31
Examples and problems……Page 32
Prerequisites and use of the book……Page 33
Acknowledgments……Page 34
Partial list of symbols……Page 35
Abbreviations……Page 51
1.1 Optical fields and Maxwell’s equations……Page 57
Transformation properties……Page 59
Response of medium……Page 60
Boundary conditions……Page 62
Optical power and energy……Page 63
1.2 Harmonic fields……Page 66
1.3 Linear optical susceptibility……Page 69
1.4 Polarization of light……Page 70
1.5 Propagation in an isotropic medium……Page 75
Free space……Page 76
Lossless medium……Page 77
Medium with a loss or gain……Page 78
Anisotropic Chi and Epsilon……Page 79
Index ellipsoid……Page 82
Propagation along a principal axis……Page 85
Ordinary and extraordinary waves……Page 87
Spatial beam walk-off……Page 90
Optical anisotropy and crystal symmetry……Page 93
1.7 Gaussian beam……Page 94
TE polarization (s wave, Sigma wave)……Page 98
TM polarization (p wave, Phi wave)……Page 99
1.9 Phase velocity, group velocity, and dispersion……Page 103
1.10 Material dispersion……Page 106
1.11 Photon nature of light……Page 110
PROBLEMS……Page 111
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 122
2.1 Waveguide modes……Page 127
2.2 Field equations……Page 132
2.3 Wave equations……Page 133
Wave equations for planar waveguides……Page 135
2.4 Power and orthogonality……Page 136
Normalized waveguide parameters……Page 138
Mode parameters……Page 139
Guided TE modes……Page 140
Guided TM modes……Page 141
Modal dispersion……Page 142
Cutoff conditions……Page 145
Mode confinement……Page 147
2.6 Symmetric slab waveguides……Page 149
2.7 Graded-index planar waveguides……Page 153
Number of modes……Page 157
2.8 Channel waveguides……Page 159
Effective index method……Page 161
PROBLEMS……Page 164
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 171
3 Optical fibers……Page 173
3.1 Step-index fibers……Page 174
Fiber modes……Page 178
Cutoff conditions……Page 180
3.2 Weakly guiding fibers……Page 182
Linearly polarized modes……Page 183
3.3 Graded-index fibers……Page 190
Number of modes……Page 193
Power-law index profiles……Page 194
3.4 Attenuation in fibers……Page 195
Material dispersion……Page 201
Waveguide dispersion……Page 202
Modal dispersion……Page 207
Dispersion compensation……Page 208
PROBLEMS……Page 210
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 216
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 217
4.1 Coupled-wave theory……Page 218
Slowly varying amplitude approximation……Page 220
4.2 Coupled-mode theory……Page 221
Mode expansion……Page 222
Single-waveguide mode coupling……Page 223
Multiple-waveguide mode coupling……Page 224
4.3 Two-mode coupling……Page 227
Codirectional coupling……Page 230
Contradirectional coupling……Page 232
Conservation of power……Page 234
Phase matching……Page 235
PROBLEMS……Page 240
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 243
5.1 Grating waveguide couplers……Page 244
Coupling coefficient……Page 247
Distributed Bragg reflector……Page 251
5.2 Directional couplers……Page 256
Coupling coefficient……Page 257
Supermodes……Page 260
Asymmetric directional couplers……Page 264
Symmetric directional couplers……Page 266
5.3 Surface input and output couplers……Page 268
Prism couplers……Page 269
Grating couplers……Page 273
PROBLEMS……Page 279
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 288
6.1 Electro-optic effects……Page 291
6.2 Pockels effect……Page 295
Index changes and rotation of principal axes……Page 300
Phase modulators……Page 304
Transverse phase modulators……Page 305
Longitudinal phase modulators……Page 306
Polarization modulators……Page 307
Amplitude modulators……Page 311
6.4 Guided-wave electro-optic modulators……Page 313
Mach–Zehnder waveguide interferometers……Page 317
Directional coupler switches……Page 321
Waveguide polarization modulators……Page 325
6.5 Traveling-wave modulators……Page 328
PROBLEMS……Page 333
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 341
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 342
7.1 Magneto-optic effects……Page 343
7.2 Faraday effect……Page 350
7.3 Magneto-optic Kerr effect……Page 358
7.4 Optical isolators and circulators……Page 362
Polarization-dependent isolators……Page 364
Polarization-independent isolators……Page 368
Polarization-dependent circulators……Page 370
7.5 Magneto-optic modulators and sensors……Page 371
Current and magnetic field sensors……Page 373
Spatial light modulators……Page 376
7.6 Magneto-optic recording……Page 380
7.7 Guided-wave magneto-optic devices……Page 385
Nonreciprocal TE–TM mode converters……Page 386
Nonreciprocal phase shifters……Page 389
Optical isolators……Page 391
Optical circulators……Page 397
PROBLEMS……Page 398
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 408
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 409
8.1 Elastic waves……Page 411
8.2 Photoelastic effect……Page 414
Acousto-optic figure of merit……Page 417
Isotropic medium……Page 419
8.3 Acousto-optic diffraction……Page 423
Raman–Nath diffraction……Page 424
Bragg diffraction……Page 429
Small-angle Bragg diffraction: Thetai ≈ 0……Page 436
Collinear Bragg diffraction: Thetai = ±Phi/2……Page 437
Diffraction from a standing acoustic wave……Page 439
8.4 Acousto-optic modulators……Page 442
Traveling-wave modulators……Page 443
Standing-wave modulators……Page 452
8.5 Acousto-optic deflectors……Page 455
Nonbirefringent deflectors……Page 458
Birefringent deflectors……Page 461
Deflectors using phased-array transducers……Page 465
8.6 Acousto-optic tunable filters……Page 466
8.7 Guided-wave acousto-optic devices……Page 470
Deflectors……Page 476
Tunable filters……Page 479
PROBLEMS……Page 480
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 494
9.1 Optical nonlinearity……Page 495
9.2 Nonlinear optical susceptibilities……Page 500
Elements of susceptibility tensors……Page 501
Permutation symmetry……Page 502
Spatial symmetry……Page 505
Index contraction……Page 509
9.3 Nonlinear optical interactions……Page 512
Second-order nonlinear optical processes……Page 514
Third-order nonlinear optical processes……Page 517
9.4 Coupled-wave analysis……Page 524
Parametric interactions……Page 525
Nonparametric interactions……Page 531
9.5 Phase matching……Page 533
Birefringent phase matching……Page 535
Angle tuning……Page 539
Temperature tuning……Page 542
Quasi-phase matching……Page 545
Sum-frequency generators……Page 550
Difference-frequency generators……Page 552
Second-harmonic generators……Page 553
Optical parametric frequency converters……Page 559
Optical parametric amplifiers……Page 562
Optical parametric oscillators……Page 565
9.7 Nonlinear optical modulators and switches……Page 568
Kerr lenses……Page 569
Polarization and amplitude modulators……Page 572
Saturable absorbers……Page 575
9.8 Bistable optical devices……Page 576
Dispersive bistable optical devices……Page 580
Other bistable devices……Page 584
9.9 Raman and Brillouin devices……Page 585
Raman gain……Page 586
Brillouin gain……Page 589
Raman amplifiers……Page 591
Raman generators……Page 594
Brillouin amplifiers……Page 597
Brillouin generators……Page 599
9.10 Nonlinear optical interactions in waveguides……Page 602
9.11 Guided-wave optical frequency converters……Page 604
9.12 Guided-wave all-optical modulators and switches……Page 609
Self-phase modulation……Page 610
Two-mode interaction……Page 612
Nonlinear optical mode mixers……Page 613
All-optical Mach–Zehnder interferometers……Page 615
Nonlinear optical loop mirrors……Page 619
Nonlinear directional couplers……Page 621
PROBLEMS……Page 626
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 660
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 661
10.1 Optical transitions……Page 667
Spectral lineshape……Page 668
Homogeneous broadening……Page 669
Inhomogeneous broadening……Page 673
Transition rates……Page 676
Transition cross section……Page 679
10.2 Optical absorption and amplification……Page 682
Laser level splitting……Page 684
Resonant optical susceptibility……Page 689
10.3 Population inversion and optical gain……Page 691
Rate equations……Page 692
Two-level system……Page 693
Three-level system……Page 695
Four-level system……Page 696
Optical gain……Page 697
Unsaturated gain coefficient……Page 699
Gain saturation……Page 700
Spontaneous emission power……Page 702
Amplifier gain……Page 705
Amplifier efficiency……Page 713
Amplifier bandwidth……Page 714
Amplifier noise……Page 715
10.5 Rare-earth ion-doped fiber amplifiers……Page 718
Rare-earth ion-doped fibers……Page 719
Fiber amplifiers……Page 721
PROBLEMS……Page 729
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 736
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 737
11.1 Resonant optical cavities……Page 738
Longitudinal modes……Page 742
Transverse modes……Page 745
Cavity lifetime and quality factor……Page 746
Fabry–Perot cavity……Page 748
11.2 Laser oscillation……Page 753
Laser threshold……Page 754
Mode pulling……Page 758
Oscillating laser modes……Page 759
11.3 Laser power……Page 763
11.4 Pulsed lasers……Page 772
Gain switching……Page 773
Q switching……Page 775
Mode locking……Page 781
11.5 Optical fiber lasers……Page 794
PROBLEMS……Page 800
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 808
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 809
12.1 Semiconductors……Page 813
Lattice-matched compounds……Page 817
Al x Ga1-x As/GaAs……Page 819
In1-x Gax Asy P1-y /InP……Page 820
Density of states……Page 822
Carriers in equilibrium……Page 823
Carriers in quasi-equilibrium……Page 829
Recombination processes……Page 832
Carrier lifetime……Page 837
12.4 Current density……Page 839
12.5 Semiconductor junctions……Page 843
Energy bands and electrostatic potential……Page 844
p–n homojunction in thermal equilibrium……Page 846
p–N heterojunction in thermal equilibrium……Page 847
P–n heterojunction in thermal equilibrium……Page 848
Junctions under bias……Page 850
Depletion layer……Page 853
Carrier distribution……Page 855
Current–voltage characteristics……Page 858
Capacitance……Page 862
PROBLEMS……Page 863
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 868
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 869
13.1 Radiative recombination……Page 870
Radiative efficiency……Page 872
Bimolecular radiative lifetime……Page 873
13.2 Band-to-band optical transitions……Page 875
Direct transition rates……Page 877
13.3 Optical gain……Page 883
Population inversion……Page 884
Carrier dependence of gain……Page 886
13.4 Spontaneous emission……Page 889
13.5 Junction structures……Page 892
Homostructures……Page 893
Single heterostructures……Page 895
Double heterostructures……Page 897
Quantum-well structures……Page 898
13.6 Lateral structures……Page 906
Gain-guiding stripe geometry……Page 908
Index-guiding stripe geometry……Page 911
13.7 Light-emitting diodes……Page 914
LED efficiency……Page 915
LED construction……Page 918
Light–current characteristics……Page 924
Spectral characteristics……Page 926
Modulation characteristics……Page 927
13.8 Semiconductor optical amplifiers……Page 929
13.9 Semiconductor lasers……Page 931
Fabry–Perot lasers……Page 935
Distributed Bragg reflector lasers……Page 936
Distributed feedback lasers……Page 941
Surface-emitting lasers……Page 946
Grating-coupled surface-emitting lasers……Page 947
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers……Page 948
13.10 Semiconductor laser characteristics……Page 953
Laser threshold……Page 954
Laser power……Page 956
Laser efficiency……Page 959
Laser spectrum……Page 961
Modulation characteristics……Page 962
PROBLEMS……Page 967
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 976
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 977
14 Photodetectors……Page 980
14.1 Photodetector noise……Page 981
Shot noise……Page 983
Excess shot noise……Page 985
Thermal noise……Page 986
Signal-to-noise ratio……Page 987
Quantum efficiency……Page 989
Responsivity……Page 990
Noise equivalent power……Page 991
Detectivity……Page 994
Linearity and dynamic range……Page 995
Speed and frequency response……Page 996
14.3 Photoemissive detectors……Page 998
Vacuum photodiodes……Page 1002
Photomultipliers……Page 1004
14.4 Photoconductive detectors……Page 1009
14.5 Junction photodiodes……Page 1020
p–i–n photodiodes……Page 1029
Heterojunction photodiodes……Page 1034
Schottky photodiodes……Page 1035
Photodiodes with multipass structures……Page 1038
14.6 Avalanche photodiodes……Page 1040
Separate absorption and multiplication APD……Page 1048
Graded-gap staircase APD……Page 1050
14.7 Guided-wave photodetectors……Page 1052
Waveguide photodetectors……Page 1053
Traveling-wave photodetectors……Page 1056
PROBLEMS……Page 1062
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 1070
ADVANCED READING LIST……Page 1071
Complex fields……Page 1072
A.2 Vectors and tensors……Page 1073
Modified quantities……Page 1074
Numerals……Page 1075
Roman labels……Page 1076
Appendix B Table of prerequisites……Page 1079
Appendix C SI metric system……Page 1081
Appendix D Fundamental physical constants……Page 1083
Appendix E Fourier-transform relations……Page 1084
Index……Page 1087
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