Advances in Geosciences: Hydrological Science, Vol. 6 (2007)(en)(800s)

Wing-huen Ip, Anil Bhardwaj981-270-781-6, 978-981-270-781-9

“Advances in Geosciences” is the result of a concerted effort in bringing the latest results and planning activities related to earth and space science in Asia and the international arena. The volume editors are all leading scientists in their research fields covering six sections: Hydrological Science (HS), Planetary Science (PS), Solar Terrestrial (ST), Solid Earth (SE), Atmospheric Science (AS) and Ocean Science (OS). The main purpose is to highlight the scientific issues essential to the study of earthquakes, tsunamis, atmospheric dust storms, climate change, drought, flood, typhoons, monsoons, space weathers, and planetary exploration.

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Table of contents :
CONTENTS……Page 8
1. Introduction……Page 12
2. Multi-Site Rainfall Occurrence Model……Page 14
2.1. Hidden covariance model……Page 16
3. Daily Rainfall Data……Page 17
5. Conclusions……Page 18
References……Page 20
1. Introduction……Page 22
2. The Spatial–Temporal Downscaling Method……Page 24
2.1. Spatial downscaling technique using SDSM……Page 25
2.2. A temporal downscaling method using the scaling GEV distribution……Page 26
3. Numerical Application……Page 27
4. Conclusions……Page 30
References……Page 32
1. Development of Advanced Regional Eta Model……Page 34
2.2. Temporal and spatial evolvement forecast experiment of AREM……Page 38
2.3. Simulation experiments of some important rain event……Page 39
3. Considerations for Further Development……Page 41
References……Page 43
1. Introduction……Page 46
2.1. Feasibility of correction……Page 47
2.2. Modeling the relationship between the sample variance of the monthly precipitation and the number of observations……Page 48
3.1. Verification using information from the ground-based radar……Page 49
3.2. Verification using information from the ground-based radar considering observation frequency of the TRMM/PR……Page 50
3.3. Validation using TRMM/PR observation……Page 51
4. Intoducing Spatial Correlation and Estimation of Temporal and Spatial, Correlation Lengths……Page 54
5. Conclusions……Page 55
References……Page 56
1. Introduction……Page 58
2. Simplified Monte Carlo Simulation Approach……Page 59
3. Drought Characteristics……Page 60
4.1. Medium-scale system……Page 61
4.2. Large-scale system……Page 63
References……Page 65
1. Introduction……Page 66
2.1. The scaling process……Page 67
2.2. The scaling GEV distribution……Page 68
3.1. Delineation of homogeneous regions……Page 69
3.2. Estimation of quantiles for ungaged sites……Page 72
References……Page 76
1. Introduction……Page 78
2.1.1. Model 1 — Single linear reservoir……Page 79
2.2. Methodology……Page 81
2.3.1. Distribution of model parameters……Page 83
2.3.2. Determination of uncertainty limits for model estimation……Page 84
3. Conclusions……Page 88
References……Page 90
1. Introduction……Page 92
2. Developments of the K5 System……Page 94
3. e-VLBI Data Transfer Using VSI-E……Page 97
4. Conclusions……Page 99
References……Page 100
1. Introduction……Page 102
2. Methodology……Page 103
3. Results……Page 104
4. Discussion……Page 106
References……Page 107
1. Introduction……Page 108
2. Study Area……Page 109
3. Data Series and Methodology……Page 110
4. Results……Page 113
5.1. The impacts of climate change……Page 114
5.2. The impacts of reservoir construction……Page 115
5.3. The impacts of land use change……Page 117
6. Conclusion……Page 118
References……Page 119
1. Introduction……Page 120
2. Field Investigation of Riffle–Pool Sequence……Page 121
3. Measurement of Air Entrainment and Slopes of Water Surface……Page 123
4. Results and Discussions……Page 125
5. Conclusions……Page 128
References……Page 129
1. Introduction……Page 130
2.1. Logical structure……Page 132
2.2. Database design……Page 133
2.3. Model library……Page 134
3.1. Development tools……Page 135
3.3. Data preprocessing……Page 136
Acknowledgments……Page 137
References……Page 138
1. Introduction……Page 140
2.2. Sampling sites and methods……Page 142
2.3. Chemical analyses……Page 143
3.1. Spatial distribution of EC and nitrate……Page 144
4. Discussion……Page 146
References……Page 147
1. Introduction……Page 150
3. Water Resources Assessment……Page 151
4. Population Growth and Water Resources……Page 154
5. Conclusions……Page 157
References……Page 158
Effects of Sand Dune and Vegetation in the Coastal Area of Sri Lanka at the Indian Ocean Tsunami Norio Tanaka, Yasushi Sasaki and M. I. M. Mowjood……Page 160
2.1. Field survey……Page 161
2.2. Analysis of drag-force coeffcient using representative trees……Page 162
3.1.1. Medilla……Page 163
3.1.2. Kalutara……Page 164
3.3. Breaking condition of representative species……Page 165
4.1. Changes in coastal vegetation and sand dunes for human needs and their effects on tsunami protection……Page 168
5. Summary……Page 169
References……Page 170
1.1. Water sustainability……Page 172
2. Fate of Problem Contaminants During MAR……Page 173
2.1. Removal of microbial pathogens during MAR……Page 174
2.2. Fate of trace organics during MAR……Page 175
2.3. Removal of nutrients during MAR……Page 176
3. Conclusions……Page 178
References……Page 179
1. Introduction……Page 182
2. Model Construction……Page 184
3. Results……Page 186
4. Conclusions……Page 190
References……Page 191
1. Introduction……Page 192
2.1. Unsaturated-zone transport……Page 193
2.2. Saturated-zone mixing……Page 196
3.1. Unsaturated-zone leaching……Page 197
3.2. Numerical stability……Page 198
4. Program Execution……Page 199
4.1. Problem descriptions……Page 200
4.2. Results……Page 201
References……Page 204
1. Introduction……Page 206
2. Analytical Solution……Page 207
3. Potential Groundwater Resources……Page 209
4. Design Curves……Page 211
References……Page 212
1. Introduction……Page 214
2.1. Location of observation points……Page 215
2.3. Analysis of hot spring water……Page 216
3.1. Geological exploration……Page 218
3.2. Analysis of hot spring water……Page 221
Acknowledgments……Page 223
References……Page 224