Electrostatic Accelerators: Fundamentals and Applications

Ragnar Hellborg, K. Siegbahn9783540239833, 3-540-23983-9

Electrostatic accelerators are an important and widespread subgroup within the broad spectrum of modern, large particle acceleration devices. They are specifically designed for applications that require high-quality ion beams in terms of energy stability and emittance at comparatively low energies (a few MeV). Their ability to accelerate virtually any kind of ion over a continuously tunable range of energies makes them a highly versatile tool for investigations in many research fields including, but not limited to, atomic and nuclear spectroscopy, heavy ion reactions, accelerator mass spectroscopy as well as ion-beam analysis and modification. The book is divided into three parts. The first part concisely introduces the field of accelerator technology and techniques that emphasize their major modern applications. The second part treats the electrostatic accelerator per se: its construction and operational principles as well as its maintenance. The third part covers all relevant applications in which electrostatic accelerators are the preferred tool for accelerator-based investigations. Since some topics are common to all types of accelerators, Electrostatic Accelerators will also be of value for those more familiar with other types of accelerators.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 12
Part I Accelerators……Page 16
Introduction to Part I – Accelerators……Page 17
1 Accelerators – an Introduction……Page 18
2 Accelerators for Medicine……Page 38
3 Accelerators for Synchrotron Radiation……Page 50
Part II The Electrostatic Accelerator……Page 62
Introduction to Part II – the Electrostatic Accelerator……Page 63
4 History of the Electrostatic Accelerator……Page 64
5 Electrostatics……Page 76
Box 1: Calculation Technique for High-Voltage Equipment in Gas……Page 96
6 Charging Systems……Page 101
Box 2: Development of Charging Belts in Russia……Page 113
Box 3: Cascade Generators……Page 116
7 Voltage Distribution Systems – Resistors and Corona Points……Page 122
8 Accelerator Tubes……Page 135
Box 4: Development of Tubes in Obninsk, Russia……Page 159
9 Stabilization……Page 164
10 Stripper Systems……Page 178
Box 5: Charge Exchange and Electron Stripping……Page 193
Box 6: Carbon Stripper Foils – Preparation and Quality……Page 199
11 Positive-Ion Sources……Page 204
12 Negative-Ion Formation Processes and Sources……Page 234
Box 7: Tandem Terminal Ion Source……Page 286
13 Ion Optics and Beam Transport……Page 290
14 Beam Envelope Techniques for Ion-Optical Calculations……Page 311
15 Equipment for Beam Diagnostics……Page 329
16 Computer Control……Page 340
17 Radiation Protection at an Accelerator Laboratory……Page 349
Box 8: Nonradiation Hazards and Safety Considerations……Page 377
Box 9: Confined-Space Maintenance……Page 381
Box 10: Earthquake Protection – for Pelletrons……Page 384
Box 11: Earthquake Protection of the Bucharest FN Tandem Accelerator……Page 386
18 Electrostatic-Accelerator Free-Electron Lasers……Page 390
Part III Research Fields and Their Technical Requirements……Page 403
Introduction to Part III – Research Fields and Their Technical Requirements……Page 404
19 Isotope Production for Medical Applications……Page 406
20 Nuclear Structure……Page 424
21 Nuclear Reactions……Page 440
22 Detection of Explosives and Other Threats Using Accelerator-Based Neutron Techniques……Page 456
23 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry……Page 472
24 Atomic Collisions in Matter……Page 497
25 Modification of Materials by MeV Ion Beams……Page 517
26 Ion Beam Analysis……Page 541
27 Atomic Structure……Page 571
28 Industrial Electron Accelerators……Page 592
A Appendix: Electrostatic Accelerators – Production and Distribution……Page 605
B Appendix: SI Units and Other Units……Page 614
A……Page 618
C……Page 619
D……Page 620
E……Page 621
G……Page 622
I……Page 623
L……Page 624
N……Page 625
P……Page 626
R……Page 627
S……Page 628
V……Page 629
Z……Page 630