Loss Prevention: Hazard Idenitification, Assessment and Control (Volume 3)

Frank Lees9780750615471, 0-7506-1547-8

Over the last three decades the process industries have grown very rapidly, with corresponding increases in the quantities of hazardous materials in process, storage or transport. Plants are becoming larger and are often situated in or close to densely populated areas. Increased hazard of loss of life or property is continually highlighted with incidents such as Flixborough, Bhopal, Chernobyl and Piper Alpha. Increasing attention must therefore be paid to the control of these hazards, and in particular the need to develop a comprehensive approach to the avoidance of human and economic loss; this is loss prevention. Frank Lees has completely rewritten this classic reference work on loss prevention, bringing every aspect up to date. New chapters are included on computers, artificial intelligence and expert systems, and new appendices feature recent disasters such as Bhopal and Piper Alpha. The many thousands of references have been updated along with standards and codes of practice. Written in a clear and concise style, ‘Loss Prevention in the Process Industries’ covers traditional areas of personal safety as well as the more technological aspects and thus provides balanced and in-depth coverage of the whole field of safety and loss prevention.

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Table of contents :
Preface to Second Edition……Page 5
Preface to First Edition……Page 7
Acknowledgements……Page 11
Notation……Page 13
Appendix 28 Institutional Publications……Page 0
Contents of Volume 1……Page 15
Contents of Volume 2……Page 20
Contents of Volume 3……Page 25
Appendix 1 Case Histories……Page 29
A1.3 Reporting of Incidents……Page 33
A1.4 Reporting of Injuries in Incidents……Page 34
A1.7 Incidents Involving Fire Fighting……Page 35
A1.10 Case Histories: A Series……Page 36
A1.12 Some Other Incidents and Problems……Page 105
A1.13 Notation……Page 108
Appendix 2 Flixborough……Page 109
A2.1 The Company and the Management……Page 110
A2.4 Events Prior to the Explosion……Page 111
A2.6 The Investigation……Page 116
A2.7 The Explosion – 2……Page 119
A2.8 Some Lessons of Flixborough……Page 122
A2.9 Critiques……Page 126
Appendix C Seveso……Page 129
A3.4 TCDD and its Properties……Page 131
A3.6 Events Prior to the Release……Page 134
A3.7 The Release – 1……Page 135
A3.8 The Emergency and the Immediate Aftermath……Page 136
A3.10 The Release – 2……Page 137
A3.12 Some Lessons of Seveso……Page 141
Appendix 4 Mexico City……Page 143
A4.1 The Site and the Plant……Page 144
A4.3 The Emergency……Page 147
A4.4 The Fire and Explosion – 2……Page 149
Appendix 5 Bhopal……Page 151
A5.3 The Process and the Plant……Page 152
A5.5 Events Prior to the Release……Page 155
A5.6 The Release……Page 156
A5.8 The Investigations……Page 157
A5.9 The Late Aftermath……Page 158
A5.10 Some Lessons of Bhopal……Page 159
Appendix 6 Pasadena……Page 163
A6.3 The Explosion……Page 164
A6.5 Some Lessons of Pasadena……Page 166
Appendix 7 Canvey Reports……Page 169
A7.2 First Canvey Report: Installations and Activities……Page 170
A7.4 First Canvey Report: Failure and Event Data……Page 177
A7.9 Second Canvey Report: Reassessed Risks and Actions……Page 199
A7.10 Second Canvey Report: Technical Aspects……Page 200
A7.11 Notation……Page 201
Appendix 8 Rijnmond Report……Page 203
A8.1 The Investigation……Page 204
A8.2 Installations and Activities……Page 206
A8.6 Population Characteristics……Page 208
A8.8 Individual Assessments……Page 210
A8.10 Remedial Measures……Page 220
A8.11 Critiques……Page 223
A9.2 Laboratory Management Systems……Page 226
A9.4 Laboratory Codes……Page 227
A9.5 Laboratory Hazards……Page 228
A9.6 Laboratory Design……Page 229
A9.8 Laboratory Services……Page 230
A9.9 Laboratory Storage and Waste Disposal……Page 231
A9.10 Laboratory Operation……Page 232
A9.11 Laboratory Fire and Explosion Protection……Page 233
A9.12 Emergency Planning……Page 234
Appendix 10 Pilot Plants……Page 235
A10.2 Pilot Plant Features and Hazards……Page 237
A10.4 Pilot Plant Design……Page 238
A10.7 Pilot Plant Programmes……Page 241
A11.2 Common Elements……Page 248
A11.3 Some Conflicts……Page 249
A11.4 Legislation……Page 250
A11.6 US Legislation……Page 252
A11.7 Environmental Management……Page 253
A11.9 Environmental Impact Assessment……Page 254
A11.10 Environmental Economics……Page 255
A11.11 Environmentally Noxious Chemicals……Page 256
A11.13 Waste Minimization……Page 258
A11.14 Gaseous Effluents……Page 260
A11.15 Liquid Effluents……Page 262
A11.16 Hazardous and Solid Wastes……Page 263
A11.18 Odours……Page 266
A11.19 Transport……Page 267
A11.21 Marine Pollution……Page 268
A11.22 Pollution Incidents……Page 269
Appendix 12 Noise……Page 271
A12.2 Noise Levels……Page 273
A12.3 Noise Control……Page 274
A12.4 Process Plant Noise……Page 275
A14.1 Data and Data Sources……Page 286
A14.3 Databases……Page 290
A14.4 Inventory of Plants……Page 292
A14.5 Inventory of Equipment in Plants……Page 293
A14.8 Heat Exchangers……Page 294
A14.10 Valves……Page 296
A14.11 Instruments……Page 298
A14.13 Relief Systems……Page 299
A14.14 Fire and Gas Detection Systems……Page 300
A14.15 Fire Protection Systems……Page 301
A14.17 Utility Systems……Page 302
A14.19 LNG Plants……Page 303
A14.20 Leaks……Page 304
A14.23 Fires……Page 306
A14.24 Explosions……Page 307
A14.28 External Events……Page 308
Appendix 15 Earthquakes……Page 309
A15.1 Earthquake Geophysics……Page 310
A15.2 Earthquake Characterization……Page 313
A15.3 Earthquake Effects……Page 314
A15.4 Earthquake Incidents……Page 315
A15.5 Earthquake Damage……Page 317
A15.6 Ground Motion Characterization……Page 318
A15.7 Ground, Soils and Foundations……Page 319
A15.8 Earthquake-Resistant Design……Page 321
A15.9 Earthquake Design Codes……Page 322
A15.10 Dynamic Analysis of Structures……Page 323
A15.12 Design Basis Earthquake……Page 325
A15.13 Nuclear Installations……Page 326
A15.14 Process Installations……Page 327
A16.2 The Road Tanker……Page 334
A16.6 Lessons of San Carlos……Page 337
A17.4 Hazard Models……Page 340
A17.5 Injury Relations……Page 345
A17.7 Rail Transport……Page 346
A17.8 Road Transport……Page 347
A17.9 Marine Transport: Ports……Page 348
A17.11 Risk Criteria……Page 352
A17.12 Assessed Risks……Page 354
A17.13 Risk Evaluation and Remedial Measures……Page 360
Appendix 18 Offshore……Page 361
A18.2 Offshore Regulatory Regime……Page 364
A18.3 Offshore Rigs and Platforms……Page 366
A18.5 Offshore Management……Page 371
A18.6 Offshore Design……Page 372
A18.8 Offshore Operation……Page 374
A18.9 Offshore Emergency Planning……Page 376
A18.10 Offshore Safety……Page 377
A18.11 Offshore Incidents……Page 378
A18.13 Offshore Research……Page 379
Appendix 19 Piper Alpha……Page 381
A19.2 The Field and the Platform……Page 383
A19.3 The Process and the Plant……Page 384
A19.4 Events Prior to the Explosion……Page 387
A19.6 The Investigation……Page 388
Appendix 20 Nuclear Energy……Page 397
A20.1 Radioactivity……Page 399
A20.2 Nuclear Industry……Page 400
A20.3 Nuclear Reactors……Page 401
A20.5 Nuclear Hazard Assessment……Page 402
A20.6 Nuclear Pressure Systems……Page 403
A20.8 Nuclear Emergency Planning……Page 404
A20.10 Nuclear Incidents……Page 405
Appendix 21 Three Mile Island……Page 409
A21.3 The Process and the Plant……Page 410
A21.4 Events Prior to the Excursion……Page 412
A21.7 The Excursion – 2……Page 415
A21.8 The Investigations……Page 416
A21.9 Some Lessons of Three Mile Island……Page 420
Appendix 22 Chernobyl……Page 423
A22.3 The Process and the Plant……Page 424
A22.4 Events Prior to the Release……Page 426
A22.5 The Release – 1……Page 427
A22.6 The Emergency and the Immediate Aftermath……Page 428
A22.7 The Investigations……Page 429
A22.8 The Release – 2……Page 430
A22.10 Some Lessons of Chernobyl……Page 433
Appendix 23 Rasmussen Report……Page 435
A23.3 Event Data……Page 436
A23.7 Human Error……Page 438
A23.11 Population Characteristics……Page 441
A23.16 Evaluation of Results……Page 443
A23.17 Browns Ferry Incident……Page 446
A23.18 Critical Assumptions……Page 448
A23.19 Critiques……Page 449
Appendix 29 Information Sources……Page 603
Appendix 20 Units and Unit Conversions……Page 609
References……Page 615
Author Index……Page 1138
Subject Index……Page 1181